Phylogeographical Structure in Mitochondrial DNA of Legume Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata) Population in Tropical Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.] is an important staple legume in the diet of many households in sub-Saharan Africa. Its production, however, is negatively impacted by many insect pests including bean pod borer, Maruca vitrata F., which can cause 20–80% yield loss. Several genetically engineered cowpea events that contain a cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for resistance against M. vitrata were evaluated in Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Ghana (West Africa), where cowpea is commonly grown. As part of the regulatory safety package, these efficacy data were developed and evaluated by in-country scientists. The Bt-cowpea lines were planted in confined field trials under Insect-proof netting and artificially infested with up to 500 M. vitrata larvae per plant during bud formation and flowering periods. Bt-cowpea lines provided nearly complete pod and seed protection and in most cases resulted in significantly increased seed yield over non-Bt control lines. An integrated pest management strategy that includes use of Bt-cowpea augmented with minimal insecticide treatment for protection against other insects is recommended to control pod borer to enhance cowpea production. The insect resistance management plan is based on the high-dose refuge strategy where non-Bt-cowpea and natural refuges are expected to provide M. vitrata susceptible to Cry1Ab protein. In addition, there will be a limited release of this product until a two-toxin cowpea pyramid is released. Other than South African genetically engineered crops, Bt-cowpea is the first genetically engineered food crop developed by the public sector and approved for release in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes against the legume pod-borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius, infesting pigeon pea

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x21000043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 95 ◽

Author(s):

R. Pervez ◽

U. Rao

Keyword(s):

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Indian Agricultural Research Institute ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Fourth Instar ◽

Maruca Vitrata ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Legume Pod Borer ◽

Maximum Penetration

Abstract The legume pod-borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) (LPB), is an important insect pest of pigeon pea. Chemical pesticides are generally employed to manage this pest, but because of the soil residue issues and other environmental hazards associated with their use, biopesticides are also in demand. Another benign alternative is to use entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to manage this vital pest. In the present study, the infectivity of ten native EPNs was evaluated against LPB by assessing their penetration and production in the LPB. The effectiveness of the promising EPNs against second-, third- and fourth-instar LPB larvae was also studied. Heterorhabditis sp. (Indian Agricultural Research Institute-Entomopathogenic Nematodes Rashid Pervez (IARI-EPN RP) 06) and Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 08) were found to be most pathogenic to LPB, resulting in about 100% mortality within 72 h, followed by Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 03 and 09). Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 04) was found to be the least pathogenic to LPB larva with 67% mortality. Maximum penetration was exhibited by Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN RP 06) followed by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 08), whereas the lowest rate of penetration was exhibited by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 01). The highest rate of production was observed with Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 08), followed by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 04 and 10). Among the tested instars of the LPB larvae, second-instar larvae were more susceptible to EPNs, followed by third- and fourth-instar larvae. The results indicate that Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN RP 06) and Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 08) have a good potential to the manage LPB.

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Transgenic cowpea plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Aa insecticidal protein imparts resistance to Maruca vitrata legume pod borer

Plant Cell Reports ◽

10.1007/s00299-020-02657-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 583-594

Author(s):

Anil Kumar ◽

Ranjana Jaiwal ◽

Rohini Sreevathsa ◽

Darshna Chaudhary ◽

Pawan K. Jaiwal

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽

Maruca Vitrata ◽

Insecticidal Protein ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Legume Pod Borer ◽

Transgenic Cowpea

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Ovicidal activity of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes to the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata and the pod sucking bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis

Crop Protection ◽

10.1016/s0261-2194(02)00015-7 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 589-595 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

S. Ekesi ◽

R.S. Adamu ◽

N.K. Maniania

Keyword(s):

Maruca Vitrata ◽

Ovicidal Activity ◽

Clavigralla Tomentosicollis ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Legume Pod Borer ◽

Entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes

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Sex pheromone recognition and characterization of three pheromone-binding proteins in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep34484 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Aping Mao ◽

Jing Zhou ◽

Bin Mao ◽

Ya Zheng ◽

Yufeng Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Pheromone ◽

Binding Proteins ◽

Maruca Vitrata ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Legume Pod Borer ◽

Pheromone Binding Proteins

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Etude de l’effet rémanent de Mavi MNPV dans un champ de niébé

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences ◽

10.4314/ijbcs.v14i6.23 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 2219-2229

Author(s):

A. Kindozandji ◽

B.D. Datinon ◽

K. Amevoin ◽

A.N. Nondichao ◽

A.I. Glitho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Maruca Vitrata ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Important Food ◽

Food Legumes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Rate Of Emergence ◽

And Control

Le niébé est l’une des légumineuses alimentaires la plus importante dans toutes les régions de l’Afrique Sub-saharienne. L’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier l’effet rémanent de Mavi Multinucléo polyhedrovirus (Mavi MNPV) après la récolte du niébé au champ. Le champ a été traité 5 fois au biopesticide Mavi MNPV à la fréquence de sept jours. Deux semaines après la récolte, deux plants ainsi que les graines de chaque traitement sur chaque unité parcellaire ayant reçu les traitements de Mavi MNPV de 107, 108 et 109 virions/ml ont été collectés et amenés au laboratoire avec le substrat de développement de la plante (sable). Aucune des formulations issues des substrats sable, racines, feuilles, tiges et graines n’a affecté la mortalité des larves L2 et L3 de Maruca vitrata et aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les traitements et le témoin. Quels que soient les traitements, le taux d’émergence des adultes est élevé ; ce qui signifie que la variation de la concentration de Mavi MNPV ne conditionne pas sa présence dans le sol, les tiges, les feuilles, les racines et les graines. Le biopesticide Mavi MNPV n’est pas persistant dans la nature.Mots clés : Niébé, Mavi MNPV, Maruca vitrata, Effet rémanent English Title: Study of the residual effect of Mavi MNPV in a cowpea field Cowpea is one of the most important food legumes in all regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this research work was to study the persistence effect of Mavi Multinucleus polyhedrovirus (Mavi MNPV) after field harvest of the cowpea. The field was treated 5 times with Mavi MNPV biopesticide at seven days. Two weeks after harvest, two plants as well as the seeds from each treatment on each plot unit that received Mavi MNPV treatments of 107, 108 and 109 virions / ml were removed and brought to the laboratory with the plant development substrate (sand). None of the formulations from sand, root, leaf, stem and seed substrates did not affect the mortality of L2 and L3 larvae of Maruca vitrata and no significant difference was observed between treatments and control. Regardless of the treatments, the rate of emergence of adults is high; this means that the variation in the concentration of Mavi MNPV does not condition its presence in soil, stems, leaves, roots and seeds. Mavi MNPV biopesticide is not persistent in nature.Keywords: Cowpea, Mavi MNPV, Maruca vitrata, Residual effect.

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