Temporal loudness weights: Primacy effects, loudness dominance and their interaction

Loudness judgments of sounds varying in level across time show a non-uniform temporal weighting, with increased weights assigned to the beginning of the sound (primacy effect). In addition, higher weights are observed for temporal components that are higher in level than the remaining components (loudness dominance). In three experiments, sounds consisting of 100- or 475-ms Gaussian wideband noise segments with random level variations were presented and either none, the first, or a central temporal segment was amplified or attenuated. In Experiment 1, the sounds consisted of four 100-ms segments that were separated by 500-ms gaps. Previous experiments did not show a primacy effect in such a condition. In Experiment 2, four- or ten-100-ms-segment sounds without gaps between the segments were presented to examine the interaction between the primacy effect and level dominance. As expected, for the sounds with segments separated by gaps, no primacy effect was observed, but weights on amplified segments were increased and weights on attenuated segments were decreased. For the sounds with contiguous segments, a primacy effect as well as effects of relative level (similar to those in Experiment 1) were found. For attenuation, the data indicated no substantial interaction between the primacy effect and loudness dominance, whereas for amplification an interaction was present. In Experiment 3, sounds consisting of either four contiguous 100-ms or 475-ms segments, or four 100-ms segments separated by 500-ms gaps were presented. Effects of relative level were more pronounced for the contiguous sounds. Across all three experiments, the effects of relative level were more pronounced for attenuation. In addition, the effects of relative level showed a dependence on the position of the change in level, with opposite direction for attenuation compared to amplification. Some of the results are in accordance with explanations based on masking effects on auditory intensity resolution.

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Attention cueing aids auditory intensity resolution

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ◽

10.1121/1.416069 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 100 (3) ◽

pp. 1722-1727 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Lawrence M. Ward ◽

Shuji Mori

Keyword(s):

Auditory Intensity ◽

Intensity Resolution

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Sequential Grouping Modulates the Effect of Non-Simultaneous Masking on Auditory Intensity Resolution

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0048054 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. e48054 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Daniel Oberfeld ◽

Patricia Stahn

Keyword(s):

Auditory Intensity ◽

Intensity Resolution

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Attention goes a-roving: Frequency cuing aids frequency-roved auditory intensity resolution

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e665402011-486 ◽

1991 ◽

Author(s):

Lawrence M. Ward ◽

Shuji Mori

Keyword(s):

Auditory Intensity ◽

Intensity Resolution

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A Perturbation Theory for the Population of Atomic Energy Levels in Non-Lte Plasmas

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110010805x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. 343-347

Author(s):

M. Klapisch

Keyword(s):

Perturbation Theory ◽

Small Parameter ◽

Classification Scheme ◽

Sum Rules ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Natural Classification ◽

Quantum Numbers ◽

Formal Expansion ◽

Atomic Energy Levels ◽

As Effects

AbstractA formal expansion of the CRM in powers of a small parameter is presented. The terms of the expansion are products of matrices. Inverses are interpreted as effects of cascades.It will be shown that this allows for the separation of the different contributions to the populations, thus providing a natural classification scheme for processes involving atoms in plasmas. Sum rules can be formulated, allowing the population of the levels, in some simple cases, to be related in a transparent way to the quantum numbers.

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Vowel Recognition Threshold as a Function of Temporal Segmentations

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.1304.715 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 715-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Richard L. Powell ◽

Oscar Tosi

Keyword(s):

Normal Hearing ◽

Recognition Threshold ◽

Vowel Sound ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Vowel Recognition ◽

Temporal Segment

Vowels were segmented into 15 different temporal segments taken from the middle of the vowel and ranging from 4 to 60 msecs, then presented to 6 subjects with normal hearing. The mean temporal-segment recognition threshold of 15 msecs with a range from 9.3 msecs for the /u/ to 27.2 milliseconds for the /a/. Misidenti-fication of vowels was most often confused with the vowel sound adjacent to it on the vowel-hump diagram. There was no significant difference between the cardinal and noncardinal vowels.

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Is Red Really Romantic?

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000296 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 174-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gabrielle K. Lehmann ◽

Robert J. Calin-Jageman

Keyword(s):

Opposite Direction ◽

Positive Control ◽

Weak Effect ◽

Sample Sizes ◽

Quality Controls

Abstract. Red has been reported to enhance attraction for women rating men ( Elliot et al., 2010 ) and men rating women ( Elliot & Niesta, 2008 ). We replicated one of these studies online and in-person. To ensure rigor, we obtained original materials, planned for informative sample sizes, pre-registered our study, used a positive control, and adopted quality controls. For men, we found a very weak effect in the predicted direction (d = 0.09, 95% CI [−0.17, 0.34], N = 242). For women, we found a very weak effect in the opposite direction (d = −0.09, 95% CI [−0.30, 0.12], N = 360). The original studies may have overestimated the red effect, our studies may be an underestimate, or there could be strong moderation of the effect of red on attraction.

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Positive Associations Primacy in the IAT

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000106 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 376-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Pasquale Anselmi ◽

Michelangelo Vianello ◽

Egidio Robusto

Keyword(s):

Implicit Association Test ◽

Rasch Measurement ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Association Test ◽

Primacy Effect ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Obese People ◽

Measurement Analysis ◽

Implicit Prejudice

Two studies investigated the different contribution of positive and negative associations to the size of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) effect. A Many-Facet Rasch Measurement analysis was applied for the purpose. Across different IATs (Race and Weight) and different groups of respondents (White, Normal weight, and Obese people) we observed that positive words increase the IAT effect whereas negative words tend to decrease it. Results suggest that the IAT is influenced by a positive associations primacy effect. As a consequence, we argue that researchers should be careful when interpreting IAT effects as a measure of implicit prejudice.

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