People express emotion using their voice, face and movement, as well as through abstract forms as in art, architecture and music. The structure of these expressions often seems intuitively linked to its meaning: e.g., romantic poetry is written in flowery curlicues, while the logos of death metal bands use spiky script. Here we show that these associations are universally understood because they are signaled using a multi-sensory code for emotional arousal. Specifically, variation in the central tendency of the frequency spectrum of a stimulus—its spectral centroid—is used by signal senders to express emotional arousal, and by signal receivers to make emotional arousal judgments. We show that this code is used across sounds, shapes, speech, and human body movements, providing a strong multi-sensory signal that can be used to efficiently estimate an agent’s level of emotional arousal.
A multi-sensory code for emotional arousal
