THE EFFICIENCY OF MONITORING THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH THROUGH THE CUMULUS CLOUDINESS LAYER

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
S. M. Muzhichek ◽  
K. V. Obrosov ◽  
V. A. Safonov ◽  
V. M. Lisitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Electronic System ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Optical Contact ◽  
Cumulus Clouds ◽  
Passive Remote Sensing ◽  
Optical Wavelength ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Us ◽  
Optical Paths

The effectiveness of monitoring the underlying surface (US) during its passive remote sensing in the optical wavelength range from an aircraft is estimated. It is supposed that the monitoring is carried out in the conditions of a Cumulus cloudiness which partially closes US. An on-board optical-electronic system has the ability to deviate from the vertical of a narrow field of view. By controlling the position of the field of view, the ECO forms inclined optical paths. In the presence of gaps between the Cumulus clouds under the aircraft inclined optical paths provide the possibility of optical contact with fragments of US. The key problem in assessing the effectiveness of such monitoring is to determine the probability of sighting the US through a cloud layer along inclined paths. The probability of sighting depends on such parameters as the degree of sky coverage, the angle of deflection of the line-of-sight from the vertical, and the geometric parameters of the 3D cloud shapes (horizontal extent, section height, distance between the cloud section edges). As a result of modeling, the dependences of this probability on various combinations of parameters of cumulus clouds are obtained. This allows you to determine the guaranteed probability and the bandwidth of US monitoring for various cloud parameters, altitude of the aircraft and clouds. The obtained dependences of the probability of sighting US on the angles of orientation of the field of view in conditions of cumulus clouds can be used as input data to estimate the probability of detecting objects on the US when they are accompanied during the flight.

METHOD FOR PREDICTING ZONES OF POSSIBLE OPTICAL CONTACTS WITH THE EARTH’S SURFACE WHEN FLYING ABOVE CLOUD COVER

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
S. M. Muzhichek ◽  
K. V. Obrosov ◽  
V. A. Safonov ◽  
V. M. Lisitsyn
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
A Priori Information ◽  
Cumulus Clouds ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Passive Remote Sensing ◽  
Priori Information ◽  
Optical Paths

The effectiveness of monitoring the US (Underlying Surface) during its passive remote sensing in the optical wavelength range from an aircraft is estimated. It is supposed that the monitoring is carried out in the conditions of a Cumulus cloudiness which partially closes US. An on-board OES (Optical-Electronic System) has the ability to deviate from the vertical of a narrow field of view. By controlling the position of the field of view, the OES forms inclined optical paths. In the presence of gaps between the Cumulus clouds under the aircraft inclined optical paths provide the possibility of optical contact with fragments of US. The effectiveness of monitoring can be improved by application the adaptive control of the angles of narrow field of view of camera. Such control allows to get the image of US’s fragment, which are being seen at current time, by using the space between the clouds. Such control also allows to get images of all fragments of US including the fragments of US which can be under the clouds. It can be possible by using a priori information about zones of possible optical contacts with US. A priori information can be obtained by image processing. The images for processing are formed by wide-field camera.

“What’s on the earth is in the stars; and what’s in the stars is on the earth”: Lakota Relationships with the Stars and American Relationships with the Apocalypse

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-156
Author(s):  
Suzanne Kite
Keyword(s):  
American Indians ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Oglala Lakota ◽  
The Us ◽  
American Mythology ◽  
Boston Tea Party

How is colonialism connected to American relationships with extraterrestrial beings? This commentary analyzes contemporary and founding US mythologies as constant, calculated attempts for settlers to obtain indigeneity in this land stemming from a fear of the “unknown.” From Columbus’s arrival to the Boston Tea Party, from alien and UFO fervor to paranormal experiences, spiritualism, New Age, and American Wicca, American mythology endlessly recreates conspiracy theories to justify its insatiable desire for resource extraction. I examine the US American mythology of extraterrestrials from two directions: the Oglala Lakota perspective of spirits born through a constellation of stars, and the “American” perspective of extraterrestrials born out of settler futurities. Manifest Destiny goes so far as to take ownership over time and reconfigure it into a linear, one-way street that is a progression towards apocalypse. For American Indians and other peoples targeted by the United States government, conspiracy theories prove true. Those who are targeted, Native and otherwise, understand as the violence of American mythology pours across the continent—abduction and assimilation, or death. How can Indigenous nonhuman ontologies orient settler ethics for the future?

BepiColombo – Mercury Swing-Bys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Zender ◽  
Johannes Benkhoff ◽  
Go Murakami ◽  
Elsa Montagnon
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Terrestrial Planet ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Space Craft ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Euro Pean ◽  
French Guyana

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The BepiColombo spacecraft was launched on 20 October 2018 from the European spaceport in French Guyana and is currently on its way to Mercury. On its way, the spacecraft will swing-by Mercury six times in its stacked configuration, before releasing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO) and the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) in their corresponding orbits around the target planet.</p> <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Mercury is in many ways a very different planet from what we were expecting. On 20 October 2018 the BepiColombo spacecraft [1] started its 7 year journey to the innermost terrestrial planet to investigate on the fundamental questions about its evolution, composition, interior, magnetosphere, and exosphere.</p> <p>BepiColombo is a joint project between the Euro- pean Space Agency (ESA) and the Japanese Aero- space Exploration Agency (JAXA). The Mission con- sists of two orbiters, the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO). From their dedicated orbits the two space- craft will be studying the planet and its environment.</p> <p>The mission has been named in honor of Giuseppe (Bepi) Colombo (1920–1984), who was a brilliant Italian mathematician, who made many significant contributions to planetary research and celestial mechanics.</p> <p>During the cruise phase, the spacecraft flies in a stacked configuration: the MMO and MPO are mounted ontop of the Mercury Transfer Module (MTM). As a consequence, most remote sensing instruments onboard the MPO are mounted towards the MTM and have a fully obstructed field-of-view. The MMO instrumentation is shielded by a protection shield (MOSIF) and several instruments still await the deployment on measurement booms.</p> <p>Despite the reduced instrument availability, scientific and engineering operations will be scheduled during the cruise phase, especially during the swing-bys.</p> <p><strong>Mercury Swing-bys</strong></p> <p>Following the Earth and two Venus swing-bys, six Mercury swing-bys are foreseen from October 2021 until 9 January 2025. The poster will discuss the flyby geometries and potential operation opportunities, in comparison with the three MESSENGER Mercury swing-bys from 2008 and 2009 [2][3].</p> <p><strong>References: </strong>[1] Benkhoff, J., et al. (2010) <em>Planet. Space Sci. </em>58, 2-20. [2] Baker, D.N. et al. (2011) Planet. Space Sci 59, 2066-2074. [3] McNutt, R.L. et al. (2010), Acta Astronautica V67, Iss 7-8, p 681-687</p>

Global Networking and the Contrapuntal Node: The Project Mercury Earth Station in Zanzibar, 1959-64

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2020) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Parks
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Earth Station ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government

In 1960, the US government and British protectorate of Zanzibar signed an agreement that allowed US contractors working for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to build an earth station that would support Project Mercury, the first manned US satellite mission. This article focuses on the development of the Project Mercury earth station in Zanzibar during 1959-1964. To historicize the earth station’s establishment, the focus lies on the geopolitical and sociotechnical relations that resulted in the Zanzibar station.

Mink Snopes’s Shavasana: Body, Relation, and Exchange in Faulkner’s Economies of Being

2019 ◽  
pp. 138-155
Author(s):  
Ryan Heryford
Keyword(s):  
Open Market ◽  
Us South ◽  
Yogic Practice ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Us ◽  
Historical Transition

This chapter will argue for Faulkner's use of bodies, both living and dead, in complicating the historical transition from an economy of relation to an economy of exchange in the US South.Exploring both the corporeal ambiguity of characters like Thomas Sutpen, DarlBundren, Flem and Ike Snopes, as well as a general poetics of bodies across Faulkner's writings, where characters fall into a rhetorical or mythic assembly with the earth itself, what in yogic practice is often referred to as shavasanaor "corpse pose," this chapter will suggest that the bodies of Faulkner's fiction offer a different narrative of the post-1865 US South, as a place of precarity and possibility, where communities and individuals had to redefine and re-inhabit new modes of personhood, agency, and subjectivity in an emergent open market.

scholarly journals Heights of SuperDARN F region echoes estimated from the analysis of HF radio wave propagation

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1987-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Koustov ◽  
D. André ◽  
E. Turunen ◽  
T. Raito ◽  
S. E. Milan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Hf Radar ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Density Distributions ◽  
F Region ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
Radar Wave

Abstract. Tomographic estimates of the electron density altitudinal and latitudinal distribution within the Hankasalmi HF radar field of view are used to predict the expected heights of F region coherent echoes by ray tracing and finding ranges of radar wave orthogonality with the Earth magnetic field lines. The predicted ranges of echoes are compared with radar observations concurrent with the tomographic measurements. Only those events are considered for which the electron density distributions were smooth, the band of F region HF echoes existed at ranges 700–1500 km, and there was a reasonable match between the expected and measured slant ranges of echoes. For a data set comprising of 82 events, the typical height of echoes was found to be 275 km.

scholarly journals XLIII.—On Circular Crystals

1853 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brewster
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Optical Contact ◽  
Optical Phenomena

In 1836, Mr Fox Talbot communicated to the Royal Society a paper “On the Optical Phenomena of certain Crystals” which he obtained by dissolving a crystal of Borax in a drop of somewhat diluted Phosphoric acid. When the acid and the salt are in proper proportions, “the field of view of the microscope is seen covered with minute circular spots, each of which is like a tuft of silk radiating from a centre, and is composed of a close assemblage of delicate acicular crystals forming a star.” Among these crystals are seen interspersed “a number of circular transparent bodies, which are tufts or stars of acicular crystals, in such close assemblage as to be in optical contact with each other, and to produce the appearance of a single individual.”

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