Do deviations from shareholder democracy harm sustainability An empirical analysis of multiple voting shares in Europe

Ernesto Marco Bagarotto; Cesare Schiavon; Cláudio Soerger Zaro; Elise Soerger Zaro; Marco Fasan

doi:10.1504/ijbge.2021.10041569

Do deviations from shareholder democracy harm sustainability An empirical analysis of multiple voting shares in Europe

International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics ◽

10.1504/ijbge.2021.10041569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Ernesto Marco Bagarotto ◽

Cesare Schiavon ◽

Cláudio Soerger Zaro ◽

Elise Soerger Zaro ◽

Marco Fasan

Keyword(s):

Empirical Analysis ◽

Shareholder Democracy

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An Empirical Analysis of the Obtrusiveness of and Participants' Compliance with the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.23.4.248 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 248-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Matthias R. Mehl ◽

Shannon E. Holleran

Keyword(s):

Empirical Analysis ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Daily Life ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Data Confidentiality ◽

Short Term ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Two Samples ◽

Audio Recorder ◽

Term Monitoring

Abstract. In this article, the authors provide an empirical analysis of the obtrusiveness of and participants' compliance with a relatively new psychological ambulatory assessment method, called the electronically activated recorder or EAR. The EAR is a modified portable audio-recorder that periodically records snippets of ambient sounds from participants' daily environments. In tracking moment-to-moment ambient sounds, the EAR yields an acoustic log of a person's day as it unfolds. As a naturalistic observation sampling method, it provides an observer's account of daily life and is optimized for the assessment of audible aspects of participants' naturally-occurring social behaviors and interactions. Measures of self-reported and behaviorally-assessed EAR obtrusiveness and compliance were analyzed in two samples. After an initial 2-h period of relative obtrusiveness, participants habituated to wearing the EAR and perceived it as fairly unobtrusive both in a short-term (2 days, N = 96) and a longer-term (10-11 days, N = 11) monitoring. Compliance with the method was high both during the short-term and longer-term monitoring. Somewhat reduced compliance was identified over the weekend; this effect appears to be specific to student populations. Important privacy and data confidentiality considerations around the EAR method are discussed.

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