DISCOURSE MARKERS USED BY STUDENTS IN NONFORMAL EDUCATION

It is very common to acknowledge that in order to achieve a good communication, discourse markers are needed as one of a tool to perform in linking the ideas to ideas, especially in spoken language, it’s really helpful in guiding the speakers and listeners to comprehend what is being discussed or talked. There are several studies has been discussed about what discourse markers are especially in spoken language, but in this research, the realization of discourse markers is the aim of the study. The data source of this research were students in Harford Institute Sekip Branch, there were 16 students taken from 4 different levels and they were taken by using purposive sampling. The data were the words from their utterances which contains of discourse markers which were collected by using audio recorder. And the research was done by applying descriptive qualitative method. The result revealed that there are 3 realizations based on the position found in Discourse Markers, they are at the boundary (Initial), after the first word (Middle) and later (Final), where initial discourse markers appeared as the most dominant one. It is proved that the discourse marker realized in the Initial position to signal upcoming information, since discourse markers has the essential function to connect or link ideas to the ideas or even as a pause in the speech. Keywords: Discourse Markers, Students Interactions, NonformalEducation

Oke-Ibadan Festival and the Ethnography of Aboke people of Ibadan

This study examines Oke-Ibadan festival and the ethnography of Aboke people of Ibadan. The objectives of the study are to document the cultural identity, fashion, family life-style, crafts, and hobbies of Aboke people; and, also, ascertain the significance of Oke-Ibadan festival to Aboke’s at home and abroad. Two sociological perspectives which include structural-functionalism and symbolic interactionism were used to provide a theoretical context for the study. The study adopts exploratory survey design which includes purposive and convenience sampling techniques. Thirty-five (35) participants were selected for the study. The instruments used in eliciting information from the participants were in-depth interview (IDI) guide and focus group discussion (FGD) guide, while the responses were gathered with the aid of electronic gadget such as the audio recorder. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, content analysis, and ethnography summary. The finding revealed that Aboke people have a unique cultural identity among other ethnic groups in Yorubaland. Their cultural identity as attested to by the participants include; hosting of Oke-Ibadan festival, retaining tribal mark, production of traditional/black soap for the cure of measles, narrating folk stories to the young generation in order to encourage high fertility rate, unique dress code, and acceptable physical appearance.

High Fidelity Simulation and the Development of Clinical Judgment in Senior Nursing Students: A Mixed Method Approach

Clinical judgment is defined as an understanding and interpretation regarding patient’s needs, health problems or concerns (Tanner, 2006). There are four interrelated processes in Tanner’s model that consist of noticing, interpreting, responding, and reflecting (Tanner, 2006). Because clinical judgment is extremely complex and encompasses many ways of thinking and types of knowledge, it requires a flexible capability to identify significant features of indeterminate clinical circumstances. Mixed methods study was conducted to describe senior nursing students’ experience in using high-fidelity simulation to evaluate the development of clinical judgment skills. A convenience sampling of 30 senior nursing students who signed the consent, met the inclusion criteria, and attend the selected school of nursing in the fall of 2020 were used for this study. All participants answered questionnaires regarding the quantitative survey. Participants interviewed face-to-face and video call using Zoom meeting program and recorded using an audio recorder. Both the quantitative and qualitative findings identified that learning through high-fidelity simulation supports the improvement in the participants’ clinical judgment skills. All participants reported their perceptions and experiences from using high-fidelity simulation develop and support their clinical judgment skills from the beginning through the end of the simulation, especially improving prioritizing data and working as a team with providing effective communication.

Pelaksanaan Penyimpanan Rekam Medis Berdasarkan Unsur Manjemen 5M di Puskesmas Medan Johor

The implementation of medical records carried out at the puskesmas requires management in managing all existing activities with the aim of creating good health services, in accordance with procedures and guidelines. To achieve the goal of processing medical records, 5 elements of management are needed, namely man, money, material, machine, and method. The purpose of this study was to determine the management elements of man, money, material, machine, and method in the implementation of medical records carried out at the Medan Johor Health Center. This type of research uses qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. The study was conducted from May to July 2020. The population was all medical record officers at the Medan Johor Health Center. The research sample amounted to 5 people who were taken by saturated sampling. The research instrument is an interview guide and recorded using an audio recorder and a check list sheet for observation. The results showed that the man element was 5 people and none of them had a medical record background and had never received training, the money element was the funding obtained from JKN and APBD, the material element was that a family folder was used to store all patient forms, while the use of tracers and register books has not been used to control the borrowed files out of the storage rack, and the filling cabinet is used as a tool to store medical record files, the machine element is a primary care application to register patients, the SIMPUS application is used for reporting, the method element is Not all SOPs in medical records exist. The advice given is to provide training to medical record officers so that their officers better understand the importance of medical records.

Classroom Discourse Analysis: A Case of ESL Reading Class

More than the recognition, perception, and interpretation of written materials, reading has been dubbed as our bridge to other skills that are necessary for academic success. Subsequently, one way for teachers to monitor both the quantity and quality of output of the students is through Classroom discourse analysis, which is an aspect of classroom process research (Jiang, 2012). This paper, therefore, aimed to determine teacher’s questioning vis-à-vis students’ reading strategies in the case of an ESL reading class in one of the private schools in Zamboanga City, Philipenese through classroom discourse analysis. As a qualitative endeavor, it made use of classroom observations with the aid of an audio recorder to enable the analysis. A total of 131 exchanges were generated in a 45-minute discussion, with roughly 25 minutes allotted to the said discourse, and the rest for other activities. Teacher-Pupil-Teacher (TPT) captured as Teacher-Student-Teacher (TST) in the case of this paper, is the recurring sequence during the whole duration of the discourse. Discourse analysis that was done to an audio recording transcript of a reading class observation revealed patterns that are primarily present in some, if not most, discourse analysis (DA) research literature. Interestingly, it, however, uncovered the following: for teacher’s way of questioning (in this case, echoice and epistemic), epistemic questions (mostly, rhetorical for this matter), were made reference(s) by the students in answering questions. Consequently, the lesson or activity became, to some extent, communicative, because of the above mentioned points.

Synchronic Account of Substitution among Educated Ohaozara Speakers of English

Substitution is a natural experience among second language speakers because it occurs in a situation where the target language presents segments that do not exist in the native language of speakers. Native speakers, therefore, unavoidably try to overcome the linguistic problem of having to articulate sounds that are present in the foreign language but unavailable in their mother tongue. It is against this linguistic pedigree that this study explored the synchronic account of substitution among educated Ohaozara speakers of English using the Natural Phonology Hypotheses (NPH) as its analytical tool. The study aimed to identify and account for the particular cases of phonological substitution as it affects Ohaozara educated speakers of the English language and thereafter, recommend workable and sustainable remedies that would mitigate the problem. Data for the study were collected through the use of audio recorder and a reading comprehension passage. One hundred (100) educated Ohaozara speakers of English, who were drawn at random, using the stratified random sampling technique, participated in the study. The data were analyzed quantitatively in accordance with the tenets of NPH. The results showed that the speakers exhibited acts of phoneme substitution in most of their spoken discourses in English as evidenced by both data. The study offered a good number of recommendations and suggestions to mitigate the problem.

Levels of Equivalence in Interpreter-mediated Sermons from English into Luhya Varieties

Languages have different concepts for conveying meanings; hence there is a problem in finding equivalents between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) in the process of interpreting. The transfer of meaning is identified as one of the basic problems in interpreting due to the absence of equivalence between two languages. This paper identifies levels of equivalence in the interpretation of selected sermons from English into Luhya varieties. Data was collected through key-informant interviews of interpreters, Focus Group Discussions by the congregants, and the researcher’s non-participant observation during church services. An audio recorder was used to collect the corpus for analysis which was later transcribed and translated for analysis. Relevance Theory by Sperber and Wilson (1986) provided the background for the discussion of the data. The findings revealed the following levels of equivalence in the interpretation of English sermons into Luhya varieties; one to many, one to part-of-one and nil equivalence. Further, it was also revealed that interpreters need to identify these three levels of equivalence in interpreting English sermons into Luhya varieties to determine the appropriate measures to counteract the situation.

“Motherese” Prosody in Fetal-Directed Speech: An Exploratory Study Using Automatic Social Signal Processing

Introduction: Motherese, or emotional infant directed speech (IDS), is the specific form of speech used by parents to address their infants. The prosody of IDS has affective properties, expresses caregiver involvement, is a marker of caregiver-infant interaction quality. IDS prosodic characteristics can be detected with automatic analysis. We aimed to explore whether pregnant women “speak” to their unborn baby, whether they use motherese while speaking and whether anxio-depressive or obstetrical status impacts speaking to the fetus.Participants and Methods: We conducted an observational study of pregnant women with gestational ages from 26 to 38 weeks. Women were recruited in a university hospital department of obstetrics. Thirty-five women agreed to participate in the study, and 26 audio records were exploitable. We collected obstetrical and sociodemographic data, pregnancy outcomes, anxiety and depressive status using the Covy and Raskin Scales, and life events using the Sensations During Pregnancy and Life Event Questionnaire. Each participant was left alone with an audio recorder with a recommendation to feel free to speak to her fetus as she would have done at home. The recording was stopped after 3 min. Audio recordings were analyzed by two methods: psycholinguist experts' annotation and computational objective automatic analyses.Results: Most mothers (89%) reported speaking to their fetuses. We found a correlation between maternal first perceptions of fetal movements and the start of mother's speaking to fetus. Motherese prosody was detected with both annotation and automatic analysis with a significant correlation between the two methods. In this exploratory study, motherese use was not associated with maternal anxiodepressive or obstetrical status. However, the more future mothers were depressed, the less they spoke with their fetuses during the recording.Conclusion: Fetal directed speech (FDS) can be detected during pregnancy, and it contains a period of prosody that shares the same characteristics of motherese that can be described as prenatal motherese or emotional fetal-directed speech (e-FDS). This means that pregnant women start using motherese much earlier than expected. FDS seems to be correlated with maternal first perceptions of fetal movements and depression scores. However, more research is needed to confirm these exploratory results.

Teaching the Techno-Poetics of Allen Ginsberg’s “Wichita Vortex Sutra”

The essay reports on a three-stage method blending creative writing with critical literary analysis to teach Allen Ginsberg’s “Wichita Vortex Sutra,” revealing what the author, Tony Trigilio call Ginsberg’s “hybrid, techno-human voice,” created through what Ginsberg himself called “auto poesy,” a spontaneous, audio recorder-driven technique fused with Buddhist practices.

Exploring the Perspectives and Parental Roles in the Academic Performance of University Students with Disabilities

The present study focusses on exploring the impact of parental support on the academic performance of students with disabilities. A qualitative study approach was used to explore students with disabilities' perspectives of parental support and the impact it has on their academic performance. This qualitative study purposively selected eight participants. They were subjected to semi-structured, open-ended, one-on-one interviews, and these interviews were recorded using an audio recorder with their permission. The collected data was analysed using thematic content analysis. Parental support may take numerous forms, including emotional, physical, and financial assistance. As a result, parental support influences academic success and the adjustment of students living with disabilities to their new environment. However, parental knowledge, attitudes, and tolerance of a student's disability have been shown to be obstacles to meaningful parental support. This study concludes that for students with disabilities to perform to their maximum potential, parents must be trained and empowered to provide necessary support including motivating their children.