Chapter 8. The Pan-African Belt of West Africa from the Sahara Desert to the Gulf of Benin

1987 ◽  
pp. 129-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Goldner

The Groupe Bogolan Kasobané is an association of six artists from Mali, West Africa: Kandioura Coulibaly, Klètigui Dembélé, Boubacar Doumbia, Souleymane Goro, Baba Fallo Keita, and Néné Thiam. The five men and one woman began working together in 1978. The Groupe is largely responsible for having elevated bogolan, a Malian textile technique traditionally used to decorate garments, to an important symbol of national and even pan-African identity. The members of the Groupe met as students at the Institut National des Arts (L’INA) in Bamako. At that time, bogolan was rarely seen in urban areas and was fabricated only by rural women. The study of bogolan was also strictly forbidden at the art academy. The Groupe’s use of local materials and elevation of materials associated with craft is a strategy employed by many contemporary artists throughout the world. Their first objective, to promote and preserve bogolan and to have it accepted and valued as artistic expression has been achieved. The Groupe moved the technique from craftsmanship to art. Today the Groupe is known because of their numerous exhibitions in Mali and around the world. Working collaboratively and developing new approaches to this centuries-old technique, they have continued to feature it in their art and award-winning costume and set designs for film and stage as well as fabrics for fashion and home furnishings.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Berntell ◽  
Qiong Zhang ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Alan M. Haywood ◽  
Julia C. Tindall ◽  
...  

Abstract. The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP; ~3.2 million years ago) is seen as the most recent time period characterized by a warm climate state, with similar modern geography and ~400 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration, and is therefore often considered an interesting analogue for near-future climate projections. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions indicate higher surface temperatures, decreasing tropical deserts, and a more humid climate in West Africa characterized by a strengthened West African Monsoon (WAM). Using model results from the second phase of the Pliocene Modelling Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP2) ensemble we analyze changes of the WAM rainfall during the mPWP, by comparing with the control simulations for the pre-industrial period. The ensemble shows a robust increase of the summer rainfall over West Africa and the Sahara region with an average increase of 2.7 mm/day, contrasted by a rainfall decrease over the equatorial Atlantic. An anomalous warming of the Sahara Desert and deepening of the Saharan Heat Low, seen in > 90 % of the models, leads to a strengthening of the WAM and an increased monsoonal flow into the continent. A similar warming of the Sahara Desert is seen in future projections using both phase 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5), and though previous studies of future projections indicate a west/east drying/wetting contrast over Sahel, PlioMIP2 simulations indicate a uniform rainfall increase over Sahel in warm climates characterized by increasing greenhouse gas forcing.


Significance However, despite some progress, these ambitions face serious obstacles. Impacts African governments may be reluctant to halt the unrestricted flood of dumped, used vehicles into their markets given public pushback. Despite a growing middle class in many countries, the absence of credible banking systems makes vehicle finance highly inaccessible. Nigeria, long the dominant force in West Africa, risks missing out on becoming the region's proposed hub absent policy changes.


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