scholarly journals Control of sooty blotch and black rot of apple through removal of fruit mummies

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Beer ◽  
Leona Brockamp ◽  
Roland W.S. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Sooty Blotch ◽  
Storage Rots ◽  
Phytosanitary Measure ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Fruit Mummies ◽  
Peltaster Cerophilus

Abstract Several popular apple cultivars retain their aborted fruits as mummies on the tree. In laboratory conditions, overwintered fruit mummies collected from a Northern German apple orchard under organic management released inoculum, which caused black rot due to Diplodia seriata and sooty blotch due to Peltaster cerophilus on ripe apples. In a field trial conducted over four years in another organic orchard, the manual removal of fruit mummies in winter and again in late June of each year significantly reduced the incidence of both these diseases. However, fruit mummy removal did not significantly affect the development of storage rots due to Neofabraea alba and N. perennans. The potential, limitations and costs of this phytosanitary measure are discussed in the context of organic apple production.

scholarly journals Confirmation of Black Rot on Different Apple Cultivars Caused by Diplodia seriata in the Netherlands

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1540-1540
Author(s):  
D. O. C. Harteveld ◽  
K. T. K. Pham ◽  
M. Wenneker
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Apple Cultivars

scholarly journals Farm-scale evaluation of two widely used sanitation practices for reducing primary inoculums of apple scab in organic apple production

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
A. Rózsa ◽  
F. Abonyi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Scale Level ◽  
Scale Evaluation ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Fallen Leaves

Effects of two widely used sanitation practices were evaluated at farm-scale level on leaf degradation and primary infection by Venturia inaequalis in an organic apple orchard (Eperjeske) on two apple cultivars (Jonathan and Prima) from 2011 to 2013. The tested sanitation practices were eradication of fallen leaves by collection and disc cultivation. Treatments of eradication of fallen leaves by collection and disc cultivation reduced signifi cantly (P< 0.001) leaf litter density with 70–85 and 40–55%, respectively, compared to untreated plots in both years. Above treatments in the same order reduced spring scab incidence with 40–50, and 10–20%, respectively, compared to untreated plots. Incidence of leaf scab in autumn was not signifi cantly lower (P< 0.05) in the treatments in the years.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Growing Systems of Apple on Trunk and Branch Diseases and Pests

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria BOROVINOVA ◽  
Vilina PETROVA ◽  
Svetla MANEVA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Important Disease

The presented study aimed to determine apples trunk and branch diseases and pests in three growing systems conventional, integrated and biological (organic). The investigations were made on an experimental apple orchard (1 ha) of the Institute of Agriculture at Kyustendil, Southwest Bulgaria in four consecutive years from 2007 to 2010. Three scab resistant cultivars Prima, Florina and Erwin Baur grafted on rootstocks MM106 were planted in 1996. The orchard was divided into four plots. One plot was treated conventionally with a normal pesticide programme, two plots were treated integrated according to the general principles, rules and standards of integrated apple production and one plot for biological (organic). The monitoring of pests and diseases and assessment of their density were done every two weeks. It was established that during the experimental period important disease and pests on apple trees in different growing systems were black rot Botryosphaeria obtusa, apple clearwig moth Synanthedon myopaeformis and shorthole borer Scolytus rugulosus. The damages by trunk and branch diseases and pests on apple were considerable higher in biological growing system. The mean rate of attack of cultivar Erwin Baur by Botryosphaeria obtusa in biological and conventional growing systems was 52.35% and 4.65%, respectively. The percentage of damaged by Scolytus rugulosus trunk and branch area per tree reach to 58.74 in biological and 0.23 in conventional system. Reduced vitality of apple trees growing with out pesticides and mineral fertilizers in biological growing system was the reason for strong infection of Botryosphaeria obtusa and attack of Synanthedon myopaeformis and Scolytus rugulosus.

scholarly journals Ethylene and expansin biosynthesis related genes polymorphism in local apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars from VIR Collection of plant genetic resources

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Shamshin ◽  
A. V. Shlyavas ◽  
A. A. Trifonova ◽  
K. V. Boris ◽  
A. M. Kudryavtsev
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Fruit Storage ◽  
Local Cultivars ◽  
Allelic Configuration ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production

At Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) a diverse collec tion of local apple cultivars is maintained. Some of the cultivars are widely used in breeding programs for their ecological plasticity, increased adaptation to abiotic stress and disease resistance, still there have been no large-scale studies of these local cultivars for fruit storage ability. Fruit softening during storage is an important problem for apple production. Retention of desirable firmness after prolonged storage is one of the key requirements for new apple cultivars. Expansin and ethy lene biosynthesis related genes are known to be involved in control of fruit softening in apple, and gene specific molecular markers have been reported. In this study the polymorphism and allelic configuration of ethylene and expansin biosynthesis related genes Md-ACS1, Md-ACO1 and Md-Exp7 involved in control of fruit softening in 87 local apple cultivars from VIR Collection of Plant Genetic Resources were analyzed. PCR markers Md-ACS1, Md-ACO1 and SSR-marker Md-Exp7 were used in the study. The allele frequencies in the collection generally coincided with the data from previous studies. Md-ACS1 allele 2 associated with reduced ethylene production was found only in three local cultivars, while all the studied local cultivars were heterozygous for the Md-ACO1 locus, as well as most modern Russian apple cultivars. Half of the studied local cultivars were heterozygous for Md-Exp7 (198 : 202). Thirteen local cultivars with rare Md-Exp7 alleles (206, 210 and 212) were detected. No association was found between the Md-Exp7 genotype and the cultivars’ maturation time. The obtained results can be used for additional evaluation of the cultivars’ potential for breeding.

scholarly journals Impact of Microtus arvalis and Lepus europaeus on apple trees by trunk bark gnawing

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Josef Suchomel ◽  
Jan Šipoš ◽  
Ladislav Čepelka ◽  
Marta Heroldová
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Common Vole ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
European Hare ◽  
Bark Damage ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Common Voles

A unique evaluation of the apple tree trunk bark damage caused by common vole and European hare was presented. Damage was found in an apple orchard under organic farming, in Central Moravia (Czech Republic), at 700 m a.s.l. There were two cultivated apple cultivars Red Spring and Melodie/Angold. Damage occurred in winter with the snow cover lasting from December to February. In total 1 012 trees and 95.7% of trees were damaged. The cv. Red Spring was damaged more than cv. Melodie/Angold. Almost 90% of the dead trees were killed by common voles. While hares damaged both cultivars equally, voles damaged the cv. Red Spring to a significantly greater extent (P = 0.04). The study confirms the need of further research on the development of methodologies for orchard protection from damage caused by small mammals.

scholarly journals An assessment of apple orchard investments in South Africa under uncertainty and irreversibility

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAG Darroch ◽  
PA Hardman ◽  
GF Ortmann
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Real Rate ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Hurdle Rate ◽  
Hurdle Rates ◽  
Local Farmers

The competitiveness of the South African fresh apple export value chain can be improved if local farmers grow and market more new apple cultivars. An ex ante version of the Dixit-Pindyck investment model is used to assess how uncertainty and irreversibility associated with adopting the new Pink Lady cultivar rather than a traditional Golden Delicious cultivar will raise the hurdle rate required to trigger investment. Modified real hurdle rates reflecting the value of the option to delay investment estimated for both cultivars, are about double the real rate of five per cent that is often used in orthodox investment analyses. The Pink Lady investment seems to be relatively more profitable under the assumed conditions, but it also has a relatively greater variance in expected real annual net returns.

Methionine-Riboflavin and Potassium Bicarbonate-Polymer Sprays Control Apple Flyspeck and Sooty Blotch

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Andrews ◽  
Jessica K. O'Mara ◽  
Patricia S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Potassium Bicarbonate ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Sooty Blotch ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Dense Tree

Flyspeck (FS) and sooty blotch (SB) are widely distributed and potentially economically damaging fungal diseases of apple and pear. They are particularly significant in warm and moist climates, on late-maturing cultivars, in dense tree canopies, or where growers apply no or few fungicides. To provide an alternative to conventional fungicides for orchards, we tested spray programs based on either a methionine-riboflavin (MR) formulation or potassium bicarbonate-oil polymer for FS/SB control on three scab-resistant apple cultivars -- Prima, Jonafree, and Freedom -- in two Wisconsin orchards between 1998 and 2000. Both programs lowered FS/SB. MR reduced disease significantly and as well as or better than sulfur in every year and on every cultivar. Potassium bicarbonate plus oil, though effective, did not perform as consistently as MR. Both treatments warrant further study to ascertain their efficacy under various regimens, to clarify their modes of action, and to determine their usefulness to growers who wish to avoid or minimize reliance on conventional fungicides. Accepted for publication 18 June 2001. Published 6 July 2001.

Peltaster cerophilus is a new species of the apple sooty blotch complex from Europe

Mycologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajda Medjedović ◽  
Jana Frank ◽  
Hans-Josef Schroers ◽  
Bernd Oertel ◽  
Jean Carlson Batzer
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sooty Blotch ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Peltaster Cerophilus

scholarly journals Vegetative parameters of apple cultivars in integrated and organic production systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dremák ◽  
Á. Csihon ◽  
I. Gonda
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Training System ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Lower Trunk ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Production

Success of apple production is highly influenced by the applied production system and the planted cultivar. In this paper growing characteristics of 39 apple cultivars were studied in integrated and organic production systems. These kind of parameters are less studied in the cultivar and training system examinations, although they have huge effect on the training and maintaining of canopy, on the pruning necessity, ultimately on the production costs. According to our results the thickness of the central axis of apple trees showed significant differences between the integrated and the organic systems. Axis of the trees with lower trunk thickness tapers more slightly in the integrated production system, than in the case of the trees with thicker trunk in the organic system. Thicker axis is not accompanied by thicker trunk, namely the thickness of the central leader starts to decrease stronger in the organic production system, compared to the integrated one.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of brown rot on two apple cultivars in an organic apple orchard

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
J. Gáll
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Absolute Rate ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Apple Cultivars

In a two-year-study, the temporal development of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on fruits was analysed in an organic apple orchard on an early (Prima) and one late (Idared) maturing cultivars at Debrecen-Józsa in Hungary. Out of five mathematical functions (linear, exponential, three-parameter logistic, Gompertz, Bertalanffy-Mitscherlich), the three-parameter logistic function gave the best fit to brown rot incidence of all cultivars in both years. Disease progress started at the end of June for cv. Prima and at the end of July for cv. Idared, then disease increased continuously from 6-8 weeks up to harvest in all cultivars. Descriptive disease variates derived from the three-parameter logistic function were used to analyse disease progress. These were: Yf, the final disease incidence; Y55, fruit incidence at day 55; Y95, fruit incidence at day 95; b and q, the relative and the absolute rate of disease progress, respectively; T1.5, the time when disease incidence reaches 1.5 %; M, the inflection point and AUDPC, area under disease progress curve. Descriptive disease variates were significantly different (P<0.05) for cv. Prima compared to cv. Idared, except for the relative and absolute rate of disease increase, b and q, respectively. The largest differences among cultivars were in the values of the AUDPC. Disease progress curves and descriptive disease variates were presented and the practical implications of the results were discussed.

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