DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOMETRIC TESTING OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE ON COVID-19 OUTBREAK QUESTIONNAIRE (KAPCovQ) FOR GENERAL COMMUNITY

Objective: To develop a valid and reliable questionnaire about knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards Covid-19 (KAPCovQ) in the general community based on psychometric properties. Methods: This study consisted of item development, scale development, and scale evaluation. Item development was based on literature review and content validity by experts. Scale development was conducted by pre-testing ten respondents. Scale evaluation was assessed using 375 respondents. Scale evaluation included construct validity with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability test with Cronbach’s α, composite reliability, and test-retest reliability. Results: The final KAPCovQ consisted of 3 domains with 31 items. Twelve items of the knowledge domain met the acceptable range for item analysis. Three factors of attitude domain and one factor of practice domain showed that 59.13% and 57.97% of the total variance respectively were identified in EFA. The result of the CFA for both attitude and practices domain indicated acceptable fit indices for the proposed model. The CFA model fit indices of attitude domain were χ2/df 2.05, p-value 0.01, GFI 0.92, RMSEA 0.07, TLI 0.90, CFI 0.92, and PNFI 0.64 and practices domain were χ2/df 1.18, p-value 0.28, GFI 0.98, RMSEA 0.03, TLI 0.98, CFI 0.99, and PNFI 0.54. Knowledge and all factors in the attitude and practice domain had an acceptable range in internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability. Conclusion: The finding of this study demonstrated that KAPCovQ is valid and reliable for measuring the KAP on Covid-19 in the general community.

O IDEB 2017/2019 nas Escolas da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Paranaguá - PR: Aprovação e Proficiência

ResumoPara organizar os resultados da avaliação em larga escala (IDEB), o Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica (SAEB) tem a atribuição principal de mensurar as informações em relação ao desenvolvimento dos alunos, através da aplicação de provas padronizadas nos Componentes Curriculares de Matemática e Língua Portuguesa e, por meio dos dados do Censo Escolar, os quais indicam o percentual das taxas de aprovação e reprovação (fluxo), permitindo assim estabelecer os resultados do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica, da escola, do Estado e do município. Nesta perspectiva, a pesquisa apresentada neste artigo tem como objetivo analisar os dados do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação (IDEB 2017/2019) da Rede Pública Municipal de Paranaguá - PR. A metodologia utilizada para organizar, interpretar e realizar o estudo se baseou em uma pesquisa qualitativa documental, com os dados obtidos das 31 escolas através do site do Instituto Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa Anísio Teixeira, do Governo Federal (INEP), os quais foram discutidos e refletidos por meio da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Conclui-se com este artigo que há um grande aumento nas aprovações (fluxo) dos alunos da rede pesquisada nos anos 2017/2019, porém os dados de desempenho (proficiência) não apresentaram avanços expressivos na alteração dos níveis de aprendizagem. Palavras-chave: Fluxo. Avaliação. Desempenho. AbstractTo organize the results of the large-scale evaluation (IDEB), the National System for the Evaluation of Basic Education (SAEB) has the main task of measuring information regarding the students’ development through the application of standardised tests in the Curricular Components of Mathematics and Portuguese Language and through the School Census data, which indicate the percentage of pass and fail rates (flow), thus making it possible to establish the Index of Development of Basic Education results, the school, the state and the municipality. From this perspective, the research presented in this article aims to analyze the the Education Development Index data (IDEB 2017/2019) of the Paranaguá Municipal Public Network,PR. The methodology used to organize, interpret and carry out the study was based on qualitative documentary research, with data obtained from 31 schools through the website of the National Institute of Education and Research Anísio Teixeira of the Federal Government (INEP), which were discussed and reflected through the Bardin Content Analysis. This article concludes with a large increase in the students’ approvals (flow) in the network researched in the years 2017/2019, but the performance data (proficiency) did not show significant progress in changing learning levels. Keywords: Flow.Evaluation. Performance.

Calibrating phylogenies assuming bifurcation or budding alters inferred macroevolutionary dynamics in a densely sampled phylogeny of bivalve families

Analyses of evolutionary dynamics depend on how phylogenetic data are time-scaled. Most analyses of extant taxa assume a purely bifurcating model, where nodes are calibrated using the daughter lineage with the older first occurrence in the fossil record. This contrasts with budding, where nodes are calibrated using the younger first occurrence. Here, we use the extensive fossil record of bivalve molluscs for a large-scale evaluation of how branching models affect macroevolutionary analyses. We time-calibrated 91% of nodes, ranging in age from 2.59 to 485 Ma, in a phylogeny of 97 extant bivalve families. Allowing budding-based calibrations minimizes conflict between the tree and observed fossil record, and reduces the summed duration of inferred ‘ghost lineages’ from 6.76 billion years (Gyr; bifurcating model) to 1.00 Gyr (budding). Adding 31 extinct paraphyletic families raises ghost lineage totals to 7.86 Gyr (bifurcating) and 1.92 Gyr (budding), but incorporates more information to date divergences between lineages. Macroevolutionary analyses under a bifurcating model conflict with other palaeontological evidence on the magnitude of the end-Palaeozoic extinction, and strongly reduce Cenozoic diversification. Consideration of different branching models is essential when node-calibrating phylogenies, and for a major clade with a robust fossil record, a budding model appears more appropriate.