scholarly journals Corrosion of ammunition dumped in the Baltic Sea

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Jurczak ◽  
Jacek Fabisiak
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
World War ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Second World

Abstract The article presents the preliminary results of a research aimed at preparation for the extraction of chemical ammunition immersed after the Second World War(WWII) in the waters of the Baltic Sea (BS). It has been 70 years since the first steps aiming at elimination of mainly German chemical weapons were taken, while the expected durability (tightness) of metal barrels construction or other containers was estimated at 50-60 years. Consequently there is a serious risk of contamination of the Baltic Sea waters, not only with toxic warfare agents but also with the products of their decomposition. The evaluation of barrels’ and containers’ with TWA corrosion processes progress will determine the possibility of these munitions extraction to the surface in order to perform their classic utilization.

FIRST DAY ... GERMAN ARCHIVALS SPEAK! THE ACTIVITIES OF GERMAN MARINE AVIATION OVER POLISH COAST IN THE FIRST DAY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol XIII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Andrzej Olejko
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Naval Aviation ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Second World

The outbreak of the Second World War showed from 1 September 1939 an extremely important role of aviation. On the first day of military operations, however, not only the Luftwaffe units operated on the Baltic Sea, but also units of the German naval aviation, giving seriously to the defenders of the Coast. This article presents the activities of these individuals in the light of previously unknown archives

T. T.

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
William Klinger ◽  
Denis Kuljiš
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Second World

This chapter reviews the successful coup in Mitrovica prison, where “differentiation” was carried out and the “Petkovites” had been temporarily subdued. It discusses the outbreak of the Second World War, which finds Marshal Tito on the Baltic Sea and on his way to the Soviet Union. It also analyzes Tito's new assignment on establishing a strictly subversive organization intended to prepare the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for armed engagements behind enemy lines. The chapter talks about the elimination of differences between the political and intelligence network and the subversive military network as the they had been integrated on the same operational axis. It recounts the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact after Tito left Moscow.

Dispersion of Passive Tracers in the Baltic Sea Deep Water as Applied to Dumped Chemical Weapons

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Zhurbas ◽  
Vadim Paka
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Continuous Release ◽  
Sediment Redistribution ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
Passive Tracers ◽  
The Baltic

AbstractResults of modeling of the migration of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their decay products from the initial chemical weapons dump site are presented. The aim was to find idealized sediment redistribution schemes in deep basins of the Baltic Sea corresponding to different wind conditions and to model the concentration of dissolved CWA in a continuous release scenario in the Bornholm dump site corresponding to real wind statistics.

World War II Munitions as a source of Mercury to the Southwest Baltic Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Gosnell ◽  
Aaron Beck ◽  
Eric Achterberg
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
World War ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Explosive Chemicals ◽  
Second World

<p>The Second World War (WWII) resulted in many humanitarian, cultural and environmental impacts throughout Europe and the world. During WWII anti-aircraft ammunition was used extensively in the Baltic Sea region, and the legacy of WWII munitions are present throughout the area. For example, up to 1.5 million anti-aircraft grenades were shot down in a 10 km<sup>2</sup> region along the Dänisch-Nienhof (DN) training center of northern Germany near Kiel. Anti-aircraft grenades contain toxic explosive chemicals such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) and mercury fulminate. It has been estimated that the detonation of WWII bombs released up to 2 tons of mercury (Hg) species into the coastal environment of Germany in the surrounding Kiel area. The DN and greater Kiel Bay (KB) region additionally have non-detonated and partial bombs which could also yield a critical source of Hg to the area. Until now very little research has been done into how much of this Hg might be stored in the sediment, or moving through the waters and food chains of the region.</p><p>Water, sediment and plankton samples were collected from around DN and KB in order to quantify and investigate potential impacts and magnitudes of Hg contamination from munition sites and bombs. These Hg levels are compared to available TNT values, and other potential munition-sourced pollutants. Water samples were collected using ‘trace metal clean’ techniques at surface and depth for each station. Plankton samples were gathered at each water station using a vertically towed net in order to assess Hg in the lower food chain. While sediment samples were carefully collected from stations surrounding the KB bomb dumps. These results provide an initial assessment into how much of an impact Hg sourced from anti-aircraft munitions might have on the environment and food chain health within the southern Baltic and KB region.</p>

Brazilian historiography on the participation of the USSR in the Second World War

2021 ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Boris Martynov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Correct Treatment ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
International Authority ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Second World

The article deals with the evolution of views of the Brazilian authors on the role, played by the Soviet Union in the WWII and its contribution to the victory of the anti-Hitlerian coalition. It contains a historiographical review of the works, written by the Brazilian authors on the theme, beginning from 2004. One follows the process of their growing interest towards clarifying the real contribution of the Soviet part to the common victory, along with the rise of the international authority of Brazil and strengthening of the Russo – Brazilian ties. One reveals the modern attitude of Brazilian authors towards such dubious or scarcely known themes as the Molotov – Ribbentrop pact, the battles for Smolensk and Rhzev, town–bound fights in Stalingrad, liberation of the Baltic republics, the Soviet war with Japan, etc. The author comes to conclusion, that in spite of the Western efforts to infuse the people`s conscience with the elements of the “post – truth” in this respect, the correct treatment of those events acquires priority even in such a far off from Russia state, as Brazil.

scholarly journals Forgotten Images and the Geopolitics of Memory: The Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–6)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-92
Author(s):  
Caterina Albano
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Narratives ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
World War ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Air Power ◽  
Moving Image ◽  
Second World

The Italo-Ethiopian war (1935–6) had a profoundly destabilising effect internationally and can be regarded as one of the events that led to the outbreak of the Second World War. Benito Mussolini's occupation of the country (then known as Abyssinia) was facilitated by the massive use of air power and chemical weapons – in ways that at the time were still unprecedented. Mussolini's chemical war, occurring in a country at the periphery of geopolitical spheres of interest, has remained marginal to established historical narratives, rendering it anachronistically topical to today's politics of memory. By examining two films based on archival film footage, respectively Lutz Becker's documentary The Lion of Judah, War in Ethiopia 1935–1936 (1975) and Yervant Gianikian and Angela Ricci Lucchi's video work Barbaric Land ( Paese barbaro, 2013), this article considers the significance of the moving image as a trace of events that have mostly remained visually undocumented and questions its relevance vis à vis today's mediated warfare and the ethics of images.

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