scholarly journals Exploring brain diversity in crustaceans: sensory systems of deep vent shrimps

Neuroforum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Machon ◽  
Jakob Krieger ◽  
Magali Zbinden ◽  
Juliette Ravaux ◽  
Steffen Harzsch
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Black Smoker ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Extreme Habitats ◽  
Current Report

AbstractThe current report focuses on shrimps from deep hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that live in an environment characterized by high hydrostatic pressure, lack of sunlight, and with hot and potentially toxic emissions of black smoker vents. Malacostracan crustaceans display a large diversity of lifestyles and life histories and a rich repertoire of complex behavioral patterns including sophisticated social interactions. These aspects promote this taxon as an interesting group of organisms for those neurobiologists interested in evolutionary transformation of brain structures and evolutionary diversification of neuronal circuits. Here, we explore how analyzing the nervous system of crustacean species from extreme habitats can provide deeper insights into the functional adaptations that drive the diversification of crustacean brain structure.

Morphology of the Eye of the Hydrothermal Vent Shrimp, Alvinocaris Markensis

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrison N. Wharton ◽  
Robert N. Jinks ◽  
Erik D. Herzog ◽  
Barbara-Anne Battelle ◽  
Leonard Kass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Black Smoker ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Dim Light ◽  
Structure And Ultrastructure ◽  
Dioptric Apparatus

The bresiliid shrimp Alvinocaris markensis is a predator that inhabits the base of sulphide mounds built by the black smoker chimneys of active hydrothermal vents at the Snake Pit site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Casual examination of animals collected with theDSV ‘Alvin’ suggests that, like other biesiliid shrimp from hydrothermal vents, the eyes of this species are adapted for vision in very dim light. However, examination of the structure and ultrastructure of eyes of animals collected and immediately fixed shows that the expected massive array of photoreceptors is partially or completely missing. The eye is enlarged, its dioptric apparatus has disappeared, its screening pigment is essentially gone, and its reflecting pigment cells have formed an enlarged mass of white diffusing cells behind the expected layer of photoreceptors. In half of the animals examined, there were no recognizable photoreceptors in the retina, and in the remaining animals there were only scattered photoreceptors with poorly organized microvillar arrays of photosensitive membrane. We conclude that this species is blind despite some retinal adaptations for vision in very dim light. Apparently, the ambient light of this animal's environment is below the quit point (the minimum level that can be exploited) so that the retina has begun to degenerate by losing its photoreceptors.

Retinal Anatomy of New Bresiliid Shrimp from the Lucky Strike and Broken Spur Hydrothermal Vent Fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.O. Kuenzler ◽  
J.T. Kwasniewski ◽  
R.N. Jinks ◽  
R.C. Lakin ◽  
B.A. Battelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Black Smoker ◽  
Lucky Strike ◽  
Rimicaris Exoculata ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Surface Dwelling ◽  
Dim Light ◽  
Visual Apparatus

The 1989 discovery of a large dorsal eye on the hydrothermal vent shrimp, Rimicaris exoculata, debunked the prevailing opinion that all animals living around deep hydrothermal vents were blind. Recent dives with DSV ‘Alvin’ recovered new bresiliid shrimp [Chorocaris (Lucky Strike) and Chorocaris (Broken Spur)] from two new vent fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Lucky Strike species has recently been named Chorocaris fortunata and may be the same as the Broken Spur species - the retinal morphologies reported here are very similar. Like R. exoculata, C. fortunata has a visual apparatus adapted to the very dim light of its environment. Although in both species enlarged, non-imaging eyes appear to have evolved from the stalked compound eyes typical of caridean shrimp, those of C. fortunata are forward-facing whilst that of R. exoculata is located dorsally. The massive array of photosensitive membrane (rhabdom) of C. fortunata lies beneath a smooth cornea within a matt, white, reflecting matrix and occupies 80% of the available volume of the photoreceptors compared to the expected 10–15% of shallow water decapods. All screening pigment is located out of the light path at the bottom of the retina. There is no ultrastructural evidence for cyclic rhabdom shedding or renewal. Thus the cellular organization of C. fortunata is remarkably similar to that of R. exoculata and distinct from its surface-dwelling relatives. This suggests that in these species imaging optics have been sacrificed to achieve the increased visual sensitivity necessary to detect the very dim light emitted from the throats of the black smoker chimneys around which they live

Brains that Fire Together Wire Together: Interbrain Plasticity Underlies Learning in Social Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 107385842199668
Author(s):  
Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Experience

Social interactions are powerful determinants of learning. Yet the field of neuroplasticity is deeply rooted in probing changes occurring in synapses, brain structures, and networks within an individual brain. Here I synthesize disparate findings on network neuroplasticity and mechanisms of social interactions to propose a new approach for understanding interaction-based learning that focuses on the dynamics of interbrain coupling. I argue that the facilitation effect of social interactions on learning may be explained by interbrain plasticity, defined here as the short- and long-term experience-dependent changes in interbrain coupling. The interbrain plasticity approach may radically change our understanding of how we learn in social interactions.

Hydrothermal vents near a mantle hot spot: the Lucky Strike vent field at 37°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

1997 ◽  
Vol 148 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 69-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Langmuir ◽  
S. Humphris ◽  
D. Fornari ◽  
C. Van Dover ◽  
K. Von Damm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Lucky Strike ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge

scholarly journals Maternal investment, life histories and the evolution of brain structure in primates

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1911) ◽  
pp. 20191608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Powell ◽  
Robert A. Barton ◽  
Sally E. Street
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Adult Lifespan

Life history is a robust correlate of relative brain size: larger-brained mammals and birds have slower life histories and longer lifespans than smaller-brained species. The cognitive buffer hypothesis (CBH) proposes an adaptive explanation for this relationship: large brains may permit greater behavioural flexibility and thereby buffer the animal from unpredictable environmental challenges, allowing for reduced mortality and increased lifespan. By contrast, the developmental costs hypothesis (DCH) suggests that life-history correlates of brain size reflect the extension of maturational processes needed to accommodate the evolution of large brains, predicting correlations with pre-adult life-history phases. Here, we test novel predictions of the hypotheses in primates applied to the neocortex and cerebellum, two major brain structures with distinct developmental trajectories. While neocortical growth is allocated primarily to pre-natal development, the cerebellum exhibits relatively substantial post-natal growth. Consistent with the DCH, neocortical expansion is related primarily to extended gestation while cerebellar expansion to extended post-natal development, particularly the juvenile period. Contrary to the CBH, adult lifespan explains relatively little variance in the whole brain or neocortex volume once pre-adult life-history phases are accounted for. Only the cerebellum shows a relationship with lifespan after accounting for developmental periods. Our results substantiate and elaborate on the role of maternal investment and offspring development in brain evolution, suggest that brain components can evolve partly independently through modifications of distinct developmental phases, and imply that environmental input during post-natal maturation may be particularly crucial for the development of cerebellar function. They also suggest that relatively extended post-natal maturation times provide a developmental mechanism for the marked expansion of the cerebellum in the apes.

scholarly journals Pyrite Varieties at Pobeda Hydrothermal Fields, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 17°07′–17°08′ N: LA-ICP-MS Data Deciphering

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Valeriy Maslennikov ◽  
Georgy Cherkashov ◽  
Dmitry Artemyev ◽  
Anna Firstova ◽  
Ross Large ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Massive Sulfide ◽  
Black Smoker ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Framboidal Pyrite ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Seafloor Massive Sulfide ◽  
Hydrothermal Fields ◽  
Feeder Zone

The massive sulfide ores of the Pobeda hydrothermal fields are grouped into five main mineral microfacies: (1) isocubanite-pyrite, (2) pyrite-wurtzite-isocubanite, (3) pyrite with minor isocubanite and wurtzite-sphalerite microinclusions, (4) pyrite-rich with framboidal pyrite, and (5) marcasite-pyrite. This sequence reflects the transition from feeder zone facies to seafloor diffuser facies. Spongy, framboidal, and fine-grained pyrite varieties replaced pyrrhotite, greigite, and mackinawite “precursors”. The later coarse and fine banding oscillatory-zoned pyrite and marcasite crystals are overgrown or replaced by unzoned subhedral and euhedral pyrite. In the microfacies range, the amount of isocubanite, wurtzite, unzoned euhedral pyrite decreases versus an increasing portion of framboidal, fine-grained, and spongy pyrite and also marcasite and its colloform and radial varieties. The trace element characteristics of massive sulfides of Pobeda seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposit are subdivided into four associations: (1) high temperature—Cu, Se, Te, Bi, Co, and Ni; (2) mid temperature—Zn, As, Sb, and Sn; (3) low temperature—Pb, Sb, Ag, Bi, Au, Tl, and Mn; and (4) seawater—U, V, Mo, and Ni. The high contents of Cu, Co, Se, Bi, Te, and values of Co/Ni ratios decrease in the range from unzoned euhedral pyrite to oscillatory-zoned and framboidal pyrite, as well as to colloform and crystalline marcasite. The trend of Co/Ni values indicates a change from hydrothermal to hydrothermal-diagenetic crystallization of the pyrite. The concentrations of Zn, As, Sb, Pb, Ag, and Tl, as commonly observed in pyrite formed from mid- and low-temperature fluids, decline with increasing crystal size of pyrite and marcasite. Coarse oscillatory-zoned pyrite crystals contain elevated Mn compared to unzoned euhedral varieties. Framboidal pyrite hosts maximum concentrations of Mo, U, and V probably derived from ocean water mixed with hydrothermal fluids. In the Pobeda SMS deposit, the position of microfacies changes from the black smoker feeder zone at the base of the ore body, to seafloor marcasite-pyrite from diffuser fragments in sulfide breccias. We suggest that the temperatures of mineralization decreased in the same direction and determined the zonal character of deposit.

scholarly journals Food sources, behaviour, and distribution of hydrothermal vent shrimps at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Gebruk ◽  
E.C. Southward ◽  
H. Kennedy ◽  
A.J. Southward
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Rimicaris Exoculata ◽  
Tube Worms ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Menez Gwen ◽  
Juvenile Shrimp ◽  
Supporting Structures

Five species of bresilioid shrimp were investigated at seven hydrothermal sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike, Rainbow, Broken Spur, TAG, Snake Pit and Logatchev. Samples were prepared for analysis of stable isotopes, elemental composition and lipids. Shrimp behaviour was observed from the submersible ‘Alvin’ and in the laboratory aboard RV ‘Atlantis’. The distribution and zonation of the shrimp species was recorded. Juvenile shrimp of all species arrive at the vents carrying reserves of photosynthetic origin, built-up in the pelagic larval stages. These reserves are used while the shrimp metamorphose to the adult form and, in Rimicaris exoculata and Chorocaris chacei, while they develop epibiotic bacteria supporting structures, the modified mouthparts and the inside of the carapace. The main food of adult R. exoculata is filamentous bacteria that grow on these structures. The intermediate sizes of C. chacei also feed on such bacteria, but the final stage gets some food by scavenging or predation. Mirocaris species scavenge diverse sources; they are not trophically dependent on either R. exoculata or mussels. Adults of Alvinocaris markensis are predators of other vent animals, including R. exoculata. The dense swarms of R. exoculata, with their exosymbionts, can be compared to endosymbiont-containing animals such as Bathymodiolus and the vestimentiferan tube-worms of the Pacific vents. Such associations, whether endo- or ectosymbiotic, may be necessary for the development of flourishing communities at hydrothermal vents.

A novel eye in 'eyeless' shrimp from hydrothermal vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Nature ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 337 (6206) ◽  
pp. 458-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Lee Van Dover ◽  
Ete Z. Szuts ◽  
Steven C. Chamberlain ◽  
J. R. Cann
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge
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