Historical Note: Aqueous Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching at Christa Gaehde’s Studio in the 1990s

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Brückle
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate Solution ◽  
Treatment Sequence ◽  
Historical Note ◽  
Free Paper ◽  
Printing Inks

AbstractThe preparation and use of aqueous 0.2% chlorine dioxide as it was practiced at the private conservation studio of paper conservator Christa M. Gaehde in the 1990s is described for the record. The bleach was used predominantly on prints printed in black printing inks on machinemade lignin-free paper. The treatment sequence involved washing in deionized water; immersion in the chlorine dioxide solution or a local brush application of the bleach in the print margins; rinsing in deionized water; neutralization of residual bleach by misting 1% sodium thiosulfate solution recto and verso; four rinsing baths in deionized water, the fourth one conditioned with calcium hydroxide to pH 9. Preparation of the bleach required special precautions in handling the sodium chlorite and formaldehyde.

EFFECTS OF DEIONIZED WATER IMMERSION OF PREPARED ALUMINUM SURFACES ON ADHESIVE BONDABILITY

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond F. Wegman ◽  
William M. Bodnar ◽  
Michael J. Bodnar ◽  
Modesto J. Barbarisi
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Aluminum Surfaces

Sodium thiosulfate solution spray for relief of irritation caused by Lugol's stain in chromoendoscopy

2001 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Kondo ◽  
Haruhiko Fukuda ◽  
Hiroyuki Ono ◽  
Takuji Gotoda ◽  
Daizo Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate Solution

An Evaluation of Historical Bleaching with Chlorine Dioxide Gas, Sodium Hypochlorite, and Chloramine-T at the Fogg Art Museum

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Smith
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Gas ◽  
Brightness Reversion ◽  
Chloramine T

AbstractIn the mid-twentieth century, drawings by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres at the Fogg Art Museum were treated with chemical bleaches such as chlorine dioxide gas, sodium hypochlorite, and chloramine-T. Fifty years later, the darkened condition of the drawings was attributed to bleaching with chlorine dioxide gas. This paper discusses the three methods developed by Rutherford John Gettens to generate chlorine dioxide gas from sodium chlorite, formaldehyde and formic acid, examines the use of these bleaching methods to treat Ingres drawings at the Fogg, and discusses the sodium hypochlorite and chloramine-T bleaching methods also in use at the time. The treatments of two Ingres drawings are compared and evaluated in light of later bleaching studies and the current condition of each drawing. All of these historical bleaching methods, as practiced on the works studied, contributed to the darkening and colour/brightness reversion of drawings.

STUDIES IN THE POLYOXYPHENOL SERIES: VIII. THE OXIDATION OF SUBSTANCES RELATED TO VANILLIN WITH SODIUM CHLORITE AND CHLORINE DIOXIDE

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Logan ◽  
R. M. Husband ◽  
C. B. Purves
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Veratric Acid ◽  
Simultaneous Formation ◽  
Aqueous Sodium ◽  
Sharp Distinction ◽  
Slow Reaction ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Chlorous Acid

The research confirmed the fact that chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite were not equivalent in their oxidizing properties. At 22 °C. or less, the oxidation of pyrogallol by aqueous sodium chlorite at pH 6 was very slow, but became very rapid on the acid side of pH 3.5. The amorphous, colored products probably did not include purpurogallin. Under similar circumstances p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was unaffected at pH 6; 22% was oxidized to p-benzoquinone (Dakin's reaction) at pH 5, and this amount increased to 39% at pH 1. The yield of benzoquinone was about 24% regardless of pH within the above range when aqueous chlorine dioxide was the oxidant. Sodium chlorite at pH 0.9 produced a 91% yield of methoxy-p-quinone from methoxy-p-hydroquinone; at pH 4 this product was mixed with 56% of 4,4′-dimethoxydiquinone, but near pH 6 a slower oxidation did not proceed beyond 4,4′-dimethoxyquinhydrone. Aqueous chlorine dioxide yielded at least 92% of monomeric methoxyquinone at all pH values between 1 and 6, probably in accord with the equation,[Formula: see text] The simultaneous formation of hydrogen peroxide was suspected, but not proved. In sharp distinction to the behavior of free phenols, veratraldehyde was not oxidized by aqueous chlorine dioxide between pH 6 and pH 3, but at pH 1 a slow reaction yielded up to 15% of veratric acid. Sodium chlorite produced about 92% of the same acid at pH 1 and pH 4, but its action was negligible at pH 5. Since by-product chlorine dioxide was ineffective at pH 4, it was possible to confirm the validity of the Jeanes–Isbell equation for the reduction of chlorous acid:[Formula: see text]The oxidation of acetylated vanillin was complicated by the occurrence of deacetylation. Red, chlorinated oils with quinoidal properties were also formed in most of the above oxidations.

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