scholarly journals Strategies for Optimal Deployment of Related Clones into Seed Orchards

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Danusevičius ◽  
D. Lindgren
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Truncation Selection ◽  
Deployment Strategy ◽  
Ranking Criteria ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Optimal Deployment ◽  
Status Number

Abstract This study deals with how the deployed proportion of each candidate clone can be decided at the establishment of a seed orchard when the breeding values are available for each candidate in a population of unrelated half-sib families. The following deployment strategies were compared: (a) truncation selection by selecting the clones with the breeding values exceeding certain threshold and deploying equal number of ramets (Truncation strategy); (b) truncation selection by selecting only one best individual within each family (Truncation unrelated); (c) maximizing gain at a given effective clone number (Linear deployment); (d) linear deployment by selecting one best individual within each family (Linear deployment unrelated) and (e) maximizing net gain at a given gene diversity (Optimal proportions). The study focused on the latest alternative and described its superiority and characteristics for a number of possible typical cases. The genetic gain adjusted for predicted inbreeding depression (Net gain), gene diversity and effective clone number were considered as the main ranking criteria. The strategies optimizing the number of related individuals and the linear deployment strategy with restriction on relatedness returned the highest Net gain. If there is a large diversity to select from (the status number of the candidates is more than 8 times greater than the status number desired in the seed orchard), a relatively simple advice is to select the best individual within the best families and deploy the clones linearly according to their breeding values (the number of families selected depends on the desired status number). If the diversity available to select from is small, it seems recommendable to allow half-sibs among the selections and use the Optimal proportions deployment strategy. As the breeding cycles proceed, the status number of the candidate population will decrease and the Optimal proportions strategy is likely to become more favorable.

scholarly journals Fertility Variation, Genetic Relatedness, and Their Impacts on Gene Diversity of Seeds From a Seed Orchard of Pinus thunbergii

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kang ◽  
D. Lindgren ◽  
T. J. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Pinus Thunbergii ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Fertility Variation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Census Number ◽  
Natural Stands

AbstractClonal differences in the number of male and female strobili were determined for five consecutive years in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus thunbergii in Korea. The effects of relatedness and clonal differences in reproductive development on gene diversity of seed (in terms of accumulated relatedness by status number) were estimated. While clonal differences were found, fertility variation was not large through all studied years. The orchard clones were divided into different regions and locations based on the geographical distribution and distance of natural stands that plus trees were selected from. Assuming that there was no relatedness among regions, locations and clones, the status number (Ns) was varied from 47.6 to 55.5 for five successive years. On average (pooling), Nswas 92% of census number (N). Assumed relatedness among regions, locations and/or clones decreased the status number. Effect of parental selection on relatedness and orchard management was also discussed.

scholarly journals Variation in Clone Fertility and its Effect on the Gene Diversity of Seeds From a Seed Orchard of Chamaecyparis obtusa in Korea

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kang ◽  
T. J. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Fertility Variation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Census Number ◽  
One Year ◽  
Male Strobilus

Abstract Male and female strobilus production was assessed annually over a four-year period for a clonal seed orchard of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) in Korea. Clonal fertility and fertility variation, expressed by both sibling coefficient and coefficient of variation in strobilus production among 50 orchard clones, were reported. Fertility varied among clones and among years producing four-year averages per ramet of 510.2 and 1050.6 for female and male strobili, respectively. The correlation between female and male strobilus production was positive in each of the four years studied and, with the exception of one year, statistically significant. The clonal status number (Ns), a measure of gene diversity, was calculated based on the observed clonal fertility variation and varied from 28.0 (N = 50) in the poorest flowering year (2002) to 46.7 in the best year (2005). On average (pooled), the relative status number was 95% of the census number (N). Variation in female fertility was generally higher than that for male fertility, and this variation was reflected in the status numbers of female and male parents. The pooled Ns estimated from all four years was higher than that for any single year, implying that gene diversity would increase when seeds collected from different years are pooled. Sexual asymmetry calculations showed that clonal contributions would be balanced between genders.

scholarly journals Fertility Variation and Genetic Diversity in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Cryptomeria japonica

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 104-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kang ◽  
Y. A. El-Kassaby ◽  
M. S. Chung ◽  
C. S. Kim ◽  
Y. J. Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Fertility Variation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Census Number ◽  
Male Strobilus ◽  
Male Strobili

Abstract Clonal differences in fertility (expressed as the number of female and male strobili) were determined for three consecutive years (2002-2004) in a clonal seed orchard of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) in Korea. Fertility varied among clones and among years producing three-year averages of 196 and 652 for female and male strobili per ramet, respectively. Correlation between female and male strobilus production was positive over the three years and statistically significant in 2003, a good flowering year. Based on the observed fertility variation, the status numbers (Ns, measure of genetic diversity) were calculated and varied from 25.6 to 31.7 among the three studied years. On average (pooled), relative status number was 86% of the census number (N). Variation in female fertility was higher than that in male fertility, and this variation was reflected on female and male parents’ status numbers. Pooled Ns estimated from the three years was higher than that for any single year, implying that genetic diversity would increase when seeds collected from different years are pooled.

scholarly journals Integrating fecundity variation and genetic relatedness in estimating the gene diversity of seed crops: Pinus koraiensis seed orchard as an example

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Min Park ◽  
Soon-Ho Kwon ◽  
He-Jin Lee ◽  
Sung-Joon Na ◽  
Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Seed Crops

The genetic gain and gene diversity of seed crops from a 1.5-generation clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. were estimated under consideration of parental genetic values and fecundity variation. Fecundity variation among clones was estimated for 5 consecutive years (2010–2014) as the sibling coefficient, which was drawn from clonal contribution to the total production of seed conelet. To monitor gene diversity, status number was estimated by the integration of fecundity variation and group coancestry. Group coancestry was calculated as the average of genetic relatedness (coancestry) among orchard clones. The averages of conelet production were high in 2010 and 2011, moderate in 2013 and 2014, and poor in 2012 with a grand mean of 13.7. Correlation analysis showed that good conelet producers consistently gave good production. Cumulative distribution of clonal conelet production was presented as a function of the total conelet yield, and this distribution indicated deviation from the expected clonal equal production. Group coancesrtry was 0.0096, indicating minimal loss of gene diversity. Status number and genetic gain were higher in good than in poor conelet production years, highlighting the importance of fecundity variation in determining the genetic gain and gene diversity of seed orchard crops.

scholarly journals Clone Fertility and Genetic Diversity in a Black Pine Seed Orchard

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ertekin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Fertility Variation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Census Number ◽  
Male Strobili

AbstractClonal variation in the number of female and male strobili was studied for three consecutive years (2002-2004) in a clonal black pine seed orchard in Turkey. The data showed large differences in female and male fertility among clones in the three years. The correlation between female and male strobilus production was negative and statistically significant in 2004, a good-flowering year. Clonal fertility and fertility variation, expressed by the sibling coefficient and coefficient of variation in strobilus production among 30 clones, were reported. Fertility varied among clones and among years, producing three-year averages of 99.3 and 801.6 for female and male strobili per ramet, respectively. Male fertility variation was higher than was female fertility variation in the three years. The status number, a measure of genetic diversity, was calculated as 26.4 (2002), 23.9 (2003), and 24.0 (2004). On average, the relative status number, estimated based on total fertility, was 86% of the census number. Sexual asymmetry calculations showed that clonal contributions would be balanced between genders. Some management activities such as adjusting ramet number to balance clone contributions and mixing of seeds from consecutive years are suggested for the black pine seed orchard.

scholarly journals Optimal Clone Number for Seed Orchards with Tested Clones

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 80-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lindgren ◽  
F. Prescher
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Status Number ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The optimal number of clones in seed orchards is discussed. A model is constructed to maximize a goodness criterion (“benefit”) for seed orchards. This criterion is a function of: 1) the number of tested genotypes available for selection and planted in seed orchard; 2) the contribution to pollination from: a) the ramet itself; b) the closest neighbors; c) the rest of the orchard and sources outside the orchard (contamination); 3) variation among genotypes for fertility; 4) frequency of selfing; 5) production of selfed genotypes; 6) gene diversity (= status number); 7) influence of contamination; 8) genetic variation among candidates; 9) correlation between selection criterion (e.g. height in progeny test) and value for forestry (e.g. production in forests from the orchard); and 10) the number of clones harvested. Numeric values of the entries are discussed, and values were chosen to be relevant for scenarios with Swedish conifers (focusing on Scots pine) and for loblolly pine. Benefit was maximized considering the number of clones. The optimum was 16 clones for the Swedish scenario, while less for the loblolly pine scenario. The optimum was rather broad, thus it is not essential to deploy the exact optimum, and an approximate optimum will do. A sensitivity analyses was performed to evaluate the importance of the likely uncertainty and variation in different entries. Quantification of the benefit of gene diversity is important. Other significant considerations are the genetic variance in the goal character and the ability to predict it, as well as the impact of selfing and the variation in reproductive success between clones. Twenty clones is suggested as a thumb rule for Swedish conifers.

scholarly journals Genetic Gain and Diversity under Different Selection Methods in a Breeding Seed Orchard of Quercus serrata

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kang ◽  
B. H. Cheon ◽  
S. U. Han ◽  
C. S. Kim ◽  
W. Y. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Quercus Serrata ◽  
Selection Intensity ◽  
Individual Selection ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Status Number

Abstract Genetic gain and diversity were estimated in a 13- year old Quercus serrata breeding seed orchard under three selection (rouging) methods. The selections were based on individual selection, family selection, and family plus within family selection. Genetic gain was for stem volume and gene diversity was estimated by status number concept. Both estimated genetic gain and gene diversity were compared to those before selection and among selection scenarios. Estimated genetic gain for tree volume ranged from 4.0% to 9.1% for three selection methods under 50% selection intensity. Individual selection was better than family selection for retaining higher genetic gain and status number. Family plus within family selection was the best selection method, while individual selection was more efficient at the strong selection intensity. An optimal point, which maximized gain and diversity, was occurred at 50% selection intensity that would be applied for genetic thinning in the breeding seed orchard of Quercus serrata. The effect of genetic relatedness among families and possible pollen contamination on both genetic gain and gene diversity, although were not studied but their impact, are discussed. The selection method and intensity level applied should be chosen after careful consideration of the impacts on both genetic gain and diversity for seeds produced from the seed orchard.

scholarly journals Genetic Gain and Gene Diversity Following Thinning in a Half-Sib Plantation

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fedorkov ◽  
D. Lindgren ◽  
A. David
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
Initial Number ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Number ◽  
Progeny Tests ◽  
Selection Intensities

Abstract Status number, gene diversity, inbreeding coefficient and genetic gain were calculated following phenotypic rogueing of different intensities in a half-sib progeny plantation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Across most selection intensities the status number, gene diversity and genetic gain remained favorably high while the inbreeding coefficient was remarkably stable. It is suggested that phenotypic selection in half-sib progeny tests or plantations with unknown pedigrees, can be used to manage seed collection areas or as a component in low-input breeding without a fast build up of coancestry or inbreeding, provided the initial number of progenies of unrelated parents is sufficiently high and that a high number of these families are retained with a few individuals per family.

Paternity analysis with microsatellites in a Danish Abies nordmanniana clonal seed orchard reveals dysfunctions

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1054-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
O K Hansen ◽  
E D Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Variance ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Paternity Analysis ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Abies Nordmanniana ◽  
The Status

A paternity analysis using five microsatellite markers was conducted in a Danish clonal seed orchard with 13 Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach clones. The purpose was to investigate potential seed-orchard dysfunctions, with special emphasis on nonequal pollen contributions and selfing. Male paternity was found for 232 seedlings germinated from seeds collected on three ramets, each of eight clones, and the relative contribution of each clone to the gene pool of male gametes was calculated. Furthermore, 49 ramets were genotyped to check for erroneous grafting. The effect of an unbalanced male contribution was quantified by means of two measures: (1) the status number (NS), which reflects buildup of coancestry in the seed-orchard crop as a result of a low number of clones and an unequal male contribution, and (2) the asymptotic variance effective population number (Ne(v)). The contributions by pollen donors from the 13 clones were highly skewed. Three clones were fathers to more than 75% of the progenies, while making up only 24% of the ramets in the seed orchard. Four clones sired no progenies at all. The unequal contribution on the male side corresponded to NS = 4.2 and Ne(v) = 5.8. Some selfing was observed, which may give rise to concern if clonal seed orchards with few clones are established. The estimated maximum pollen contamination from outside the seed orchard was 4.3%. No grafting–labelling errors were identified.

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