Actionality across (sub)paradigms

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 561-620
Author(s):  
Sergei Tatevosov
Keyword(s):  
Missing Information ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Lexical Items

Abstract This paper explores the verbal system of Tundra Nenets and offers a partition of the entire set of derivationally minimal verbs into actional classes, which include stative, process, inceptive-stative, ingressive-atelic, durative and punctual telic, durative and punctual ingressive, and bi-telic verbs. This classification is established in a bottom-up manner, starting from the lowest level of actional interpretations of individual subparadigms of a verb. As a result, 18 subparadigmatic classes are established. At the next stage, an actional characteristic is assigned to the entire paradigm and the 18 subparadigmatic classes are reduced to seven actional macroclasses. However, at the paradigmatic level, one discovers that for certain types of verbs actional information available paradigm-internally does not suffice. To recover the missing information, one needs to examine derivationally related lexical items that realize semantic configurations unavailable paradigm-internally. This paradigm-external perspective leads to the recognition of cross-paradigmatic actional characteristics assigned to groups of derivationally related verbs.

The development of the Tocharian causative system – top-down or bottom-up?

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 387-400
Author(s):  
Melanie Malzahn
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Verbal System

Abstract Tocharian possesses a highly complex verbal system and has played a major role in theories about the PIE verb in recent decades. While it is certainly true that Tocharian deserves the highest attention for theories about the protolanguage, not every trait of its verbal system has to be explained by direct top-down developments and not every trait can be directly transferred onto the proto-language. The paper discusses the Tocharian causative stems and argues that an inner-Tocharian development for the system of causatives is more likely than deriving the various stems from respective PIE stems directly.

A neural network approach to compositionality and co-compositionality

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fortescue
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Network Approach ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Neural Network Approach ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Lexical Items

The issue of compositionality is applied to the modelling of the mental lexicon in terms of neural networks as described in Fortescue (2009). The approach is illustrated by applying it to the analysis of a semantically complex verb, conquer, illustrating the need to draw upon top-down (social, stylistic) as well as bottom-up (sensory) affordances in modelling such lexical items. Thereafter, a collocation that requires the mutual adjustment of the semantics of its individual components is analysed. Finally, adjectives of temperature crucially involving “limbic” affordances are treated. In all instances, the relevance of universal conceptual “primitives” to the processes of paraphrase and (co)composition will be seen to be highly restricted.

scholarly journals Inference Strategies To Improve Reading Comprehension of Recount Text

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-158
Author(s):  
Yayah Nur Hidayah ◽  
Afief Fakhruddin
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Comprehension Question ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Thesis Statement ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
English Students

Abstract This study aimed  to explore inference strategies necessary  read journal  article. Forty four English students  read set of text on  education text  and  answer  comprehension question.  The  two main  objectives  in this study  were to identify inference skills necessary to comprehend a research article in terms of the main ideas, the writing styl e/tone and other text-based elements such as lexical items, syntaxes well as discourse structures and to investigate inference strategies for coping  with text. Twenty  five of these participants also volunteered for an in depth  interview.  The findings  revealed that students  usually relied on their bottom up processing. They skipped difficult parts, especially technical information graphic  illustration. They  sought  help from  friends to enhance  their understanding. Overall,  they were successful at interpreting  the thesis statement, the gist of section,  the meaning  of the tested words and  clause. However,  they were less able to infer the underlying  argument, the tone of article, and the attitudes  of other toward  the research finding     

Aspectual pairing and aspectual classes in Abui

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 621-657
Author(s):  
František Kratochvíl ◽  
David Moeljadi ◽  
Benidiktus Delpada ◽  
Václav Kratochvíl ◽  
Jiří Vomlel
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Linguistic Typology ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Recent Activity ◽  
Lexical Items

Abstract This paper describes the aspectual classes in Abui, a Papuan language of the Timor-Alor-Pantar family. Abui innovated a system of aspectual stem pairing, realized by consonant mutation, vowel grading, and rime mutation. Although stem pairing is widespread (about 61% of the verbs alternate), about 38% of our 1,330 verb sample are unpaired and immutable. Abui verbal stems combine with aspectual affixes, adverbs and auxiliary verbs, whose distribution is used here together with the stem types to describe aspectual classes, which are understood as lexicalizations of transitional possibilities of lexical items (e.g. inchoative-stative vs. inchoative-gradual.inchoative-stative). The paper takes the bidimensional approach to aspect distinguishing between properties associated with the perfective-imperfective system and other aspectual marking (cf. Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. 2002. Recent activity in the theory of aspect: accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state? Linguistic Typology 6(2). 199–271). Combining the features of both types of aspectual marking, we construct in a bottom-up fashion the aspectual classes in Abui and also show that these may be further refined if contextual features such as valency or degree of change (affectedness) were included. A characteristic feature of the Abui system is the elaborate system of stative-inchoative verbs sensitive to scalar and change properties (e.g. instant vs. gradual). Abui telic verbs show sensitivity to the properties of the resulting state and are formally associated with stem alternation.

scholarly journals Bulgarian-English Code-switching in Internet Forum Communication: The BG-mamma Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Bilyana Bozhinova Todorova
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Mental Development ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Phrasal Verbs ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Internet Forum ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Lexical Items

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to introduce the author's observations on the influence that English has on the Bulgarian forum "Netspeak" for women living in the USA. The collected data for the investigation are excerpted from a Bulgarian forum platform. The emphasis is on code-switching, one of the main topics in sociolinguistics; as well as on the interlanguage, which is a result of the penetration of some elements from English into the first language of communicators. The orthography may also be influenced as in Bulgaria the Cyrillic alphabet is used.The informal situation is a prerequisite for the mixed style use, especially in vocabulary. Different topics have been observed and discussed by users in the forum: the choice of baby accessories; baggage loss in airports; child diseases, child physical and mental development, etc.The investigated forum discussion includes 52,020 lexical items. Excerpted English words are few - only 1.5%. Most of them are nouns because of their easy grammatical adaptation. The verb group is not affected so noticeably. The Bulgarian verbal system is very complicated and English verbs used in Bulgarian context are grammatically adapted. There are some exceptions when people use ready-made constructions like idioms and phrasal verbs.

‘Suggesting rather special facts’: a corpus-based study of distinctive lexical distributions in translated texts

Corpora ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Frankenberg-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Literary Texts ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Language Corpus

It is well-known that translated texts read differently from texts that have been written without the constraints imposed by source texts from another language. One of the features that can confer a distinctive feel to translations is the frequency with which certain lexical items are represented in them. Previous research has compared the frequency of specific words in translations and in texts that are not translations, and unveiled substantial differences in their distributions. Most of these studies adopt a bottom-up approach. Their starting point is a given word whose frequency in translated and non-translated texts is then compared. In this study, I adopt an explorative, top-down approach instead. I begin with a Portuguese language corpus of translated and non-translated literary texts, and attempt to identify lemmas which are markedly over- and under-represented in the translations. Our results not only appear to support existing bottom-up intuitions regarding distinctive lexical distributions, but also disclose a number of unexpected contrasts that would not have been discernible without recourse to corpora.

On the Use of POCS for Restoring the “Missing Wedge” in Electron Tomography

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
Neng-Yu Zhang ◽  
Bruce F. McEwen ◽  
Joachim Frank
Keyword(s):  
Function Space ◽  
Convex Sets ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Spinal Ganglion ◽  
Fourier Space ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
Energy Bound ◽  
Spatial Boundedness

Reconstructions of asymmetric objects computed by electron tomography are distorted due to the absence of information, usually in an angular range from 60 to 90°, which produces a “missing wedge” in Fourier space. These distortions often interfere with the interpretation of results and thus limit biological ultrastructural information which can be obtained. We have attempted to use the Method of Projections Onto Convex Sets (POCS) for restoring the missing information. In POCS, use is made of the fact that known constraints such as positivity, spatial boundedness or an upper energy bound define convex sets in function space. Enforcement of such constraints takes place by iterating a sequence of function-space projections, starting from the original reconstruction, onto the convex sets, until a function in the intersection of all sets is found. First applications of this technique in the field of electron microscopy have been promising.To test POCS on experimental data, we have artificially reduced the range of an existing projection set of a selectively stained Golgi apparatus from ±60° to ±50°, and computed the reconstruction from the reduced set (51 projections). The specimen was prepared from a bull frog spinal ganglion as described by Lindsey and Ellisman and imaged in the high-voltage electron microscope.

Lexical Comprehension in Young Children With Developmental Delays

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa A. Kouri
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Lexical Concepts

Lexical comprehension skills were examined in 20 young children (aged 28–45 months) with developmental delays (DD) and 20 children (aged 19–34 months) with normal development (ND). Each was assigned to either a story-like script condition or a simple ostensive labeling condition in which the names of three novel object and action items were presented over two experimental sessions. During the experimental sessions, receptive knowledge of the lexical items was assessed through a series of target and generalization probes. Results indicated that all children, irrespective of group status, acquired more lexical concepts in the ostensive labeling condition than in the story narrative condition. Overall, both groups acquired more object than action words, although subjects with ND comprehended more action words than subjects with DD. More target than generalization items were also comprehended by both groups. It is concluded that young children’s comprehension of new lexical concepts is facilitated more by a context in which simple ostensive labels accompany the presentation of specific objects and actions than one in which objects and actions are surrounded by thematic and event-related information. Various clinical applications focusing on the lexical training of young children with DD are discussed.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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