Imazapyr Absorption and Translocation in Northern Red Oak and Red Maple as Affected by Herbicide Formulation and the Adjuvant Methylated Seed Oil

Abstract In northern West Virginia, 7-year-old American basswood (Tilia americana L.) and 12-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprout clumps received one of four treatments: unthinned control; thinned to the best one or two codominant sprouts per clump; branch pruned up to 75% of total height; or thinned plus pruned. Analysis of 10-year growth data showed that height growth was not affected by any of the treatments. For all species, pruning slightly increased the length of clear stem and decreased periodic diameter growth. Thinning increased survival of basswood, red oak, and red maple crop stems. Thinning increased the 10-year diameter growth by 0.1 to 0.8 in. Recommendations for thinning 10- to 20-year-old sprout clumps are presented. Pruning is not recommended. In order to maintain maximum diameter growth, thinning individual sprout clumps should be followed by stand crop tree release in about 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):23-27.

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Testing Lake States TWIGS: Five-Year Growth Projections for Upland Hardwoods in Northern Lower Michigan

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/13.4.182 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 182-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Patrick J. Guertin ◽

C. W. Ramm

Keyword(s):

Sugar Maple ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Red Oak ◽

Time Interval ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Oak ◽

Validation Data ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Lake States

Abstract Five-year diameter growth, basal area growth, and mortality for five upland hardwood species in northern Lower Michigan were compared to projections from Lake States TWIGS. The species studied were northern red oak, white oak, other red oak (pin oak and black oak combined), sugar maple, and red maple. The validation data consisted of individual tree measurements from 44 stands across 10 ecological land types on the Manistee National Forest. The stands were measured in 1986 and 1991; during this time interval stands experienced a drought and outbreaks of leaf defoliators. For individual dbh classes, 5 yr diameter growth was predicted within ± 0.3 in. for all species. Mean errors for BA projections were within ± 5 ft²/ac for all species, and mean error for trees/ac ranged from - 33 for other red oak to + 16 for sugar maple. Although precision was variable, Lake States TWIGS provided accurate predictions of 5 yr diameter growth for the five species tested. Projections of mortality were less accurate. North. J. Appl. For. 13(4):00-00.

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Effects of Oak Decline on Species Composition in a Northern Arkansas Forest

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/27.4.264 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 264-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Eric Heitzman

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Basal Area ◽

Red Oak ◽

Oak Decline ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Oak

Abstract Since 1999, widespread and locally severe oak decline and mortality have occurred throughout the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. A contributing factor in the decline and mortality is an outbreak of the red oak borer [Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)]. In northern Arkansas, a 2,150 ac mature oak forest severely affected by decline was selected as a case study to describe changes in species composition and stand structure and to assess regeneration potential of oaks and non-oak species. Mortality reduced total overstory basal area from 105 to 57 ft2/ac, and overstory density decreased from 156 to 89 trees/ac. Most dead and dying trees were northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.). Basal area and density of overstory red oaks were reduced from 51 to 11 ft2/ac and from 60 to 11 trees/ac, respectively. These trees died regardless of dbh class. Mortality was less common in white oak (Q. alba L.) and was generally limited to smaller trees. Understory trees and taller seedlings were predominantly red maple (Acer rubrum L.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Oaks less than 3 ft tall were abundant, but taller oak seedlings and saplings were uncommon. Tree mortality increased the proportion of white oak and hickories (Carya spp.) in the overstory, and stimulated a regeneration response of mostly non-oak species. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):264–268.

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Response of Oak and Maple Seed Germination and Seedling Growth to Different Manganese Fertilizers in a Cultured Substratum

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10070547 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 547

Author(s):

Kaile Mai ◽

Roger A. Williams

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Forest Ecosystems ◽

Oak Forest ◽

Red Oak ◽

Seedling Height ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

Basal Diameter ◽

Seedling Size

Oak regeneration failures have been causing a slow decline in the occurrence of oak forest ecosystems in eastern North America. Accordingly, our study sought to determine a means of creating more vigorous and competitive oak seedlings by the addition of manganese (Mn) fertilizers. Seeds of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.), one of oak’s major competitors in North America oak forest ecosystems, were sown in 0.7 liter pots that contained a growing medium mixture of peat moss, perlite, and sand in a ratio of 2:1:2, and germinated in a greenhouse. Three different chemical compound Mn fertilizer treatments—manganese chloride (0.16 mg L−1 Mn, MnCl2·4H2O), nanoparticle manganese in the form of manganese hydroxide (0.01 mg/L Mn, nanoparticle Mn(OH)2), and manganese hydroxide (0.01 mg L−1 Mn, Mn(OH)2)—and a treatment of Hoagland solution were applied to the planted seed. These treatments were compared to a control consisting of water, and treatments were applied twice a week over a 12 week period. Germination rates and seedling growth were measured over this period of time. At the end of 12 weeks seedlings were harvested, separated into roots, stem, and foliage for the purpose of biomass and nutrient analysis by seedling component. Northern red oak displayed a 100% germination success rate with MnCl2·4H2O and Mn(OH)2 treatments, while red maple germination was reduced with the MnCl2·4H2O and nanoparticle Mn(OH)2 treatments with only a 32% and 24% germination rate, respectively. The MnCl2·4H2O treatment produced the largest overall seedling size (basal diameter squared times the seedling height) of red maple with a 191.6% increase; however, the MnCl2·4H2O treatment produced the largest overall seedling size (basal diameter squared times the seedling height) of northern red oak and chestnut oak with an increase of 503.7% and 339.5%, respectively. The greatest increase in overall seedling size for northern red oak was with the Mn(OH)2 treatment at 507.2%, and 601.2% for chestnut oak with the nanoparticle Mn(OH)2 treatment. MnCl2·4H2O treatment significantly increased the oak foliar nitrogen (N) content. It appears that the application of Mn fertilizer can increase the germination and growth of these oak species while suppressing or having a lesser effect on red maple, thus creating a competitive advantage for oak over its competitor.

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First year sprouting and growth dynamics of northern red oak, yellow-poplar, red maple, and sweet birch on a mesic site following a release burn during a "shelterwood-burn" sequence

10.33915/etd.5590 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Adele Fenwick

Keyword(s):

Growth Dynamics ◽

First Year ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

Yellow Poplar ◽

Mesic Site

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Lower Bole Diameter and Volume of Four Appalachian Hardwoods

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/4.4.212 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 212-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Harry V. Wiant ◽

Thomas B. Williams

Keyword(s):

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Oak ◽

Yellow Poplar ◽

Appalachian Hardwoods

Abstract Coefficients are provided for estimating dbh from stump measurements and estimating diameter and volume from groundline to dbh for northern red oak, white oak, red maple, and yellow-poplar. North. J. Appl. For. 4:212, December 1987.

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Measuring Stocking in Northern Red Oak Stands in Wisconsin

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/16.3.144 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 144-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David W. McGill ◽

Robert Rogers ◽

A. Jeff Martin ◽

Paul S. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Sugar Maple ◽

Stand Density ◽

Ratio Method ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

Tolerant Species ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Shade Tolerant Species ◽

Objective Basis

Abstract Stocking equations and charts for stands dominated by northern red oak were developed from data collected on 66 plots in 52 northern red oak stands in Wisconsin. In all plots, northern red oak was the dominant species. Tolerant species such as sugar maple and red maple usually formed a subcanopy. We used the tree-area ratio method for measuring stocking. However, we treated the tolerant subcanopy as a separate component of stocking. This facilitated defining average maximum relative stand density (100% stocking)for the main canopy or the main canopy and subcanopy combined.This approach is based on the assumption that shade tolerant species can exploit resources in spatial strata that are unexploited by the mid-tolerant red oak. The resulting stocking equations and charts can provide an objective basis for evaluating stocking of northern red oak stands in Wisconsin.North. J. Appl. For. 16(3):144-150.

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Tree Shelters Increase Heights of Planted Oaks in a Michigan Clearcut

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/7.1.24 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 24-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Douglas O. Lantagne ◽

Carl W. Ramm ◽

Donald I. Dickmann

Keyword(s):

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

Tree Seedling ◽

Tree Shelters ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Shelterwood Cut ◽

Plus Tree ◽

Brush Control ◽

Oak Seedlings

Abstract A shelterwood cut, applied in 1954, failed to adequately regenerate oaks on an upland site in southern Michigan. At age 22, the stand, dominated by dogwood, red maple, black cherry, and other low-quality species, was clearcut and planted to 2-0 northern red oak seedlings. Four treatments included: control (clearcut harvest only), woody brush control, plastic tree seedling shelters, and woody brush control plus tree seedling shelters. The northern red oak seedlings planted in tree shelters were 42% taller than unsheltered seedlings after 2 growing seasons. Over 64% of sheltered seedlings were 3 ft high or taller, compared to only 22% of the unsheltered seedlings, after 2 growing seasons. Woody brush control appeared to have no effect on the 2-year height of planted red oak. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):24-26, March 1990.

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Changes in Forest Structure Associated with Oak Decline in Severely Impacted Areas of Northern Arkansas

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/31.1.17 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Eric Heitzman ◽

Adrian Grell ◽

Martin Spetich ◽

Dale Starkey

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Basal Area ◽

Red Oak ◽

Quercus Alba ◽

Oak Decline ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Oak ◽

Flowering Dogwood ◽

Advance Regeneration

Abstract Four mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.)–white oak (Quercus alba L.) stands in the Boston Mountains of northern Arkansas were studied to describe the vegetation dynamics of forests heavily impacted by oak decline. Northern red oak was the species most susceptible to decline. Across the four stands, 51–75% of red oak density (trees/ha) was dead or dying, as was 40–70% of the red oak basal area. Red oak damage occurred across a range of tree sizes. Healthy red oak had low populations of red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus Haldeman), and dead/dying red oak supported large numbers of borers. Impacts on white oak were less severe and generally limited to smaller trees. Decline had changed what once were red oak-dominated stands to more mixed forests of white oak, hickory (Carya spp.), red oak, blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Understory trees and seedlings were predominantly blackgum, red maple, hickory, black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum [Nutt.] Nees). However, well-developed red and white oak advance regeneration was present in all stands. It is unclear if the death of overstory trees will favor the regeneration of nonoaks, or whether oak regeneration will successfully recruit within canopy gaps created by this disturbance.

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