scholarly journals From Description to Explanation: Integrating Across Multiple Levels of Analysis to Inform Neuroscientific Accounts of Dimensional Personality Pathology

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-676
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Allen ◽  
Alison M. Schreiber ◽  
Nathan T. Hall ◽  
Michael N. Hallquist
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Way

Dimensional approaches to psychiatric nosology are rapidly transforming the way researchers and clinicians conceptualize personality pathology, leading to a growing interest in describing how individuals differ from one another. Yet, in order to successfully prevent and treat personality pathology, it is also necessary to explain the sources of these individual differences. The emerging field of personality neuroscience is well-positioned to guide the transition from description to explanation within personality pathology research. However, establishing comprehensive, mechanistic accounts of personality pathology will require personality neuroscientists to move beyond atheoretical studies that link trait differences to neural correlates without considering the algorithmic processes that are carried out by those correlates. We highlight some of the dangers we see in overpopulating personality neuroscience with brain-trait associational studies and offer a series of recommendations for personality neuroscientists seeking to build explanatory theories of personality pathology.

Cognitive Reflection Effects on Time Discounting

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek ◽  
Przemysław Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Process Information ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
The Way

Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of individual differences in manual imitation fidelity

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieke Braadbaart ◽  
Gordon D. Waiter ◽  
Justin H. G. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Neural Correlates

Structure of Pathological Personality Traits through the Lens of the CAT-PD Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Leah Emery ◽  
Shereen Khoo ◽  
Lee Anna Clark ◽  
Yuliya Kotelnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Pathological Personality Traits ◽  
Domain Level ◽  
Pooled Sample

Personality pathology is increasingly conceptualized within hierarchical, dimensional trait models. The Comprehensive Assessment of Traits Relevant to Personality Disorders (CAT-PD) is a measure of pathological traits with wider coverage than prevailing instruments—however, its domain-level structure is not established. In this pre-registered study, we investigated the domain level of the CAT-PD to provide structural evidence and construct validation of the higher-order structure of personality pathology using a more comprehensive set of lower-order traits than predominant measures. We estimated five- and six-factor models with exploratory factor analysis in a pooled sample of 8 independent subsamples (N=3,987) and found that both models fit the data well, each had interpretable factors that were invariant across gender and sample type, and the factors had good convergent validity with other maladaptive traits, Big Five personality, and interpersonal problems. Our results support the validity of the CAT-PD for assessing multiple levels of the pathological trait hierarchy.

scholarly journals Instantiating the multiple levels of analysis perspective in a program of study on externalizing behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore P. Beauchaine ◽  
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Multiple Levels

AbstractDuring the last quarter century, developmental psychopathology has become increasingly inclusive and now spans disciplines ranging from psychiatric genetics to primary prevention. As a result, developmental psychopathologists have extended traditional diathesis–stress and transactional models to include causal processes at and across all relevant levels of analysis. Such research is embodied in what is known as the multiple levels of analysis perspective. We describe how multiple levels of analysis research has informed our current thinking about antisocial and borderline personality development among trait impulsive and therefore vulnerable individuals. Our approach extends the multiple levels of analysis perspective beyond simple Biology × Environment interactions by evaluating impulsivity across physiological systems (genetic, autonomic, hormonal, neural), psychological constructs (social, affective, motivational), developmental epochs (preschool, middle childhood, adolescence, adulthood), sexes (male, female), and methods of inquiry (self-report, informant report, treatment outcome, cardiovascular, electrophysiological, neuroimaging). By conducting our research using any and all available methods across these levels of analysis, we have arrived at a developmental model of trait impulsivity that we believe confers a greater understanding of this highly heritable trait and captures at least some heterogeneity in key behavioral outcomes, including delinquency and suicide.

SIMULTANEOUS EXAMINATION OF THE ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF EFFICACY BELIEFS AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS.

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 (1) ◽  
pp. A1-A6 ◽  
Author(s):  
GILAD CHEN ◽  
SHEILA SIMSARIAN WEBBER ◽  
PAUL D. BLIESE ◽  
JOHN E. MATHIEU ◽  
STEPHANIE C. PAYNE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences

scholarly journals Social Networks, a Populated Picture

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. C04
Author(s):  
Fabio Fornasari
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Way

Man, by his very nature, puts things between himself and the environment, turning the latter into a place, a space. He arranges the environment around him on multiple levels, by projecting parts of himself and shaping the frontiers and the horizons that surround, define and represent him. This was learnt a long time ago, but a trace and a memory remain in the way man acts: when mapping reality (both physical reality and the reality explored through digital means), we observe it and find a way through it by adopting behaviours that have always been similar. What has changed in this mapping is the ability to recognise, especially the ability to interpret maps and creatively work them.

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