Does Emotional Expression Moderate Implicit Racial Bias? Examining Bias Following Smiling and Angry Primes

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-590
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Raissi ◽  
Jennifer R. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Black Male ◽  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Racial Bias ◽  
Affect Misattribution Procedure

Given the pervasiveness of prejudice, researchers have become increasingly interested in examining racial bias at the intersection of race and other social and perceptual categories that have the potential to disrupt these negative attitudes. Across three studies, we examined whether the emotional expression of racial exemplars would moderate implicit racial bias. We found that racial bias on the Affect Misattribution Procedure only emerged in response to angry but not smiling Black male faces in comparison to White (Study 1) or White and Asian (Study 3) male faces with similar emotional expressions. Racial bias was also found toward Asian targets (Studies 2 and 3), but not only following angry primes. These findings suggest that negative stereotypes about Black men can create a contrast effect, making racial bias toward smiling faces less likely to be expressed in the presence of angry Black male faces.

Assessing employers’ stigmatizing attitudes toward people with disabilities: A brief report

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jill Bezyak ◽  
Kanako Iwanaga ◽  
Erin Moser ◽  
Fong Chan
Keyword(s):  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Individuals With Disabilities ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Stigmatizing Attitudes ◽  
Areas Of Concern ◽  
Unidimensional Structure

BACKGROUND: People with disabilities are one of the most marginalized groups in society, and having a disability significantly increases the likelihood of unemployment or underemployment. The reluctance to hire individuals with disabilities is significantly influenced by the longstanding, negative stereotypes of people with disabilities. OBJECTIVE: To better understand employers’ negative attitudes toward individuals with disabilities, assessment tools must properly capture factors contributing to this stigma. METHODS: The Employers’ Stigmatizing Attitudes toward People with Disabilities Scale (ESATPD) was validated in the current study. RESULTS: Results of the exploratory factor analysis indicate a strong, unidimensional structure of the scale accounting for 47.14% of the total variance with a sample. The single ESATPD factor was labeled employment stigma. In addition, higher levels of employers’ stigma were related to negative attitudes toward disability, decreased support of recruitment efforts, as well as decreased intentions of hiring people with disabilities. CONCLUSION: Results support the implementation of tailored interventions directed at specific areas of concern for employers and employees in hiring positions.

scholarly journals Typical emotional expression in children’s drawings of the human face

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Cannoni ◽  
Giuliana Pinto ◽  
Anna Silvia Bombi
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Preferential Expression ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Number Of Faces ◽  
Human Faces

AbstractThis study was aimed at verifying if children introduce emotional expressions in their drawings of human faces, and if a preferential expression exists; we also wanted to verify if children’s pictorial choices change with increasing age. To this end we examined the human figure drawings made by 160 boys and 160 girls, equally divided in 4 age groups: 6–7; 8–9; 10–11; 12–13 years; mean ages (SD in parentheses) were: 83,30 (6,54); 106,14 (7,16) 130,49 (8,26); 155,40 (6,66). Drawings were collected with the Draw-a-Man test instructions, i.e. without mentioning an emotional characterization. In the light of data from previous studies of emotion drawing on request, and the literature about preferred emotional expressions, we expected that an emotion would be portrayed even by the younger participants, and that the preferred emotion would be happiness. We also expected that with the improving ability to keep into account both mouth and eyes appearance, other expressions would be found besides the smiling face. Data were submitted to non-parametric tests to compare the frequencies of expressions (absolute and by age) and the frequencies of visual cues (absolute and by age and expressions). The results confirmed that only a small number of faces were expressionless, and that the most frequent emotion was happiness. However, with increasing age this representation gave way to a variety of basic emotions (sadness, fear, anger, surprise), whose representation may depend from the ability to modify the shapes of both eyes and mouth and changing communicative aims of the child.

scholarly journals Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: A Medical Student CHANGES Study Report

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1748-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle van Ryn ◽  
Rachel Hardeman ◽  
Sean M. Phelan ◽  
Diana J. Burgess PhD ◽  
John F. Dovidio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Student ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
School Experiences ◽  
Implicit Racial Bias ◽  
Study Report

The development of a Credible Virtual Clinician (VC) Promoting Colorectal Cancer Screening via Telehealth Applications for and by Black Men: A Qualitative Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyell Wilson-Howard ◽  
Melissa J. Vilaro ◽  
Jordan M. Neil ◽  
Eric J. Cooks ◽  
Lauren N. Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Black Male ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Decision Aids ◽  
Community Setting ◽  
Healthcare Intervention ◽  
Crc Screening

BACKGROUND Traditionally, the promotion of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among Black men was delivered by Community Health Workers (CHW), Patient Navigators, and decision aids (printed text or video media) at clinics and in the community setting. A novel approach to increase CRC screening of Black men includes developing and utilizing a patient-centered, tailored message delivered via virtual human technology in the privacy of one’s home. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to incorporate the perceptions of Black men in the development of a Virtual Clinician (VC) designed to deliver precision messages promoting the Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) kit for CRC screening among Black men in a future clinical trial. METHODS Focus groups of Black men were recruited to understand their perceptions of a Black-male VC. Specifically, these men identified source characteristics that would enhance the credibility of the VC. The MAIN Model which examines how an interface features affect the user’s psychology through four Affordances: Modality, Agency, Interactivity, and Navigability was used to assess the presumed credibility of the VC and likability of the app from the focus group transcripts. Each affordance triggers heuristic cues that stimulate a positive or negative perception of trustworthiness, believability, and understandability thereby increasing source credibility. RESULTS Twenty-five Black men were recruited from the community and contributed to the development of three iterations of a Black male VC over an eighteen-month time span. Feedback from the man enhanced the visual appearance of the VC including its movement, clothing, facial expressions, and environmental surroundings. Heuristics including social presence, novelty, and authority were all recognized by the final version of the VC and creditably was established. The VC was referred to as “brother-doctor” and participants stated “wanting to interact with ALEX over their regular doctor”. CONCLUSIONS Involving Black men in the development of a digital healthcare intervention is critical. This population is burdened by cancer health disparities and incorporating their perceptions in tele-health interventions, will create awareness of the need to develop targeted messages for Black men

The Integration of Emotional Expression and Experience: A Pragmatist Review of Recent Evidence From Brain Stimulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caruana Fausto
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Common View ◽  
Frontal Operculum ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
Stimulation Of

A common view in affective neuroscience considers emotions as a multifaceted phenomenon constituted by independent affective and motor components. Such dualistic connotation, obtained by rephrasing the classic Darwin and James’s theories of emotion, leads to the assumption that emotional expression is controlled by motor centers in the anterior cingulate, frontal operculum, and supplementary motor area, whereas emotional experience depends on interoceptive centers in the insula. Recent stimulation studies provide a different perspective. I will outline two sets of findings. First, affective experiences can be elicited also following the stimulation of motor centers. Second, emotional expressions can be elicited by stimulating interoceptive regions. Echoing the original pragmatist theories of emotion, I will make a case for the notion that emotional experience emerges from the integration of sensory and motor signals, encoded in the same functional network.

scholarly journals Inequalities and Indirect Con?ict Interventions: The Evidence on Perceptions of Difference, Social Cohesion, and Sub-national Variations in Violence in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 95-147
Author(s):  
Rachael Diprose
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Group ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Political Group ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Horizontal Inequalities

This paper examines the empirical evidence on social cohesion and perceived horizontal inequalities in two neighbouring districts in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Despite having similar sized groups (religiously polarised, ethnically fragmented) and the opportunity to mobilise during the national political transition beginning in 1998, only one of the districts had serious violence. First, the evidence suggests that such violence was linked to perceived horizontal inequalities in terms of access to the state, particularly in terms of religious identity in the district affected by con?ict. In the same district, there was also evidence of weaker social cohesion: there were more pervasive negative stereotypes of other groups along religious lines, and the least inter-religious mixing in terms of everyday interaction and friendships. These attitudes and less frequent mixing were more likely, too, among the group that was initially marginalised from the state when power-sharing arrangements broke down. Meanwhile, in the district with less violence, there was more frequent inter-religious group mixing overall but particularly on the part of the group that did not dominate the state. That is, frequent inter-religious group mixing and the absence of negative attitudes on the part of this group towards others may have signalled that it was not a viable group to be mobilised for political gain. Instead, in this more peaceful district, ethnic identity was the more salient form of political capital, but demographically the district is ethnically fragmented. Inter-ethnic rather than religious mixing was less frequent in this district, but it was worst among the dominant political group along religious and ethnic lines. Yet, the negative attitudes and stronger in-group (rather than out-group) bonds between members of the dominant political group did not translate into violent con?ict because there were minimal challenges to their power during the transition. Finally, the evidence suggests that the associational membership of mixedethnic or religious organisations is less likely to explain violence prevention, given that membership of such organisations was greater in the con?ict-affected district. The evidence overall suggests that demographic divides are not always an indicator of political divides and the propensity for con?ict, but rather this is related to the politics of exclusion. Furthermore, it indicates that to some extent increased crossgroup contact can act as an indirect con?ict intervention mechanism.

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