scholarly journals Typical emotional expression in children’s drawings of the human face

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Cannoni ◽  
Giuliana Pinto ◽  
Anna Silvia Bombi
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Preferential Expression ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Number Of Faces ◽  
Human Faces

AbstractThis study was aimed at verifying if children introduce emotional expressions in their drawings of human faces, and if a preferential expression exists; we also wanted to verify if children’s pictorial choices change with increasing age. To this end we examined the human figure drawings made by 160 boys and 160 girls, equally divided in 4 age groups: 6–7; 8–9; 10–11; 12–13 years; mean ages (SD in parentheses) were: 83,30 (6,54); 106,14 (7,16) 130,49 (8,26); 155,40 (6,66). Drawings were collected with the Draw-a-Man test instructions, i.e. without mentioning an emotional characterization. In the light of data from previous studies of emotion drawing on request, and the literature about preferred emotional expressions, we expected that an emotion would be portrayed even by the younger participants, and that the preferred emotion would be happiness. We also expected that with the improving ability to keep into account both mouth and eyes appearance, other expressions would be found besides the smiling face. Data were submitted to non-parametric tests to compare the frequencies of expressions (absolute and by age) and the frequencies of visual cues (absolute and by age and expressions). The results confirmed that only a small number of faces were expressionless, and that the most frequent emotion was happiness. However, with increasing age this representation gave way to a variety of basic emotions (sadness, fear, anger, surprise), whose representation may depend from the ability to modify the shapes of both eyes and mouth and changing communicative aims of the child.

‘A smile stands for health and a bed for illness’: Graphic cues in children’s drawings

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 728-742
Author(s):  
Fotini Bonoti ◽  
Vasilia Christidou ◽  
Georgia Maria Spyrou
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Public Primary School

Objective: The study aimed to investigate whether children use specific types of graphic cues (facial, postural, contextual) in their drawings of healthy and ill persons and whether these cues differ as a function of age. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: A public primary school in a medium-sized city in Greece. Method: A total of 200 children in the age group of 5, 7, 9 and 11 years were first asked to define the terms under investigation, and then to draw a healthy and an ill person, as well as a baseline drawing (of a person neither healthy nor ill). Human figure drawings of health and illness were compared with their baseline drawing in an attempt to detect possible alterations in the (1) face, (2) body and (3) overall context of the drawing. Results: From the age of 5 years onwards, children were able to use a combination of graphic cues to convey health and illness in their drawings. Moreover, children in all age groups more often (1) employed facial cues to depict illness and health, (2) used more postural and contextual cues to depict illness than health, (3) introduced a variety of contextual cues in their drawings (e.g. linguistic, nutritional, environmental, physical and medical) and (4) used more types of graphic cues as well as more categories of contextual cues to depict illness than health. Finally, it was found that the drawings of the 5-year-old children involved significantly fewer graphic cues than those of the 7- and 11-year-olds, and significantly less contextual cues than the drawings produced by the 9- and 11-year-olds. Conclusion: Study findings shed light on the way children perceive and represent graphically illness and health and these are discussed in relation to their implications for health education.

scholarly journals Evolutionary continuity between humans and non-human animals: Emotion and emotional expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Zorana Todorovic
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Adaptive Challenges ◽  
Sentient Beings ◽  
Evolutionary Continuity

This paper deals with the evolutionary origin and the adaptive function of emotion. I discuss the view that emotions have evolved as functional adaptations in both humans and non-human animals in order to cope with adaptive challenges and to promote fitness. I argue that there is evolutionary continuity between humans and animals in emotions and emotional expressions, and discuss behavioural argument for this thesis, specifically, Darwin?s and Ekman?s research on similarities in how humans and animals express their basic emotions. In addition to this argument, I provide neuroscientific evidence that supports the claim that basic emotions are evolutionary old and shared among humans and many other animals. Finally, I conclude that animal emotions can be considered the bases and roots of our emotions that connect us to other sentient beings.

Form Follows Function: An Investigation Into the Categorical Boundary of Surprise

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1824-1842
Author(s):  
L. Y. Lo ◽  
W. O. Li ◽  
L. P. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Basic Emotions

The concept of basic emotions has been widely accepted in explaining human behavior. Yet, there is still no consensus on the distinctiveness of surprise. This study tried to compare the discreteness of surprise with that of other basic emotions in terms of their categorical distinctiveness. For this study, 27 undergraduates were recruited, and a new set of morphing sequences of different emotional expressions from two young Chinese posers was created. The results show that surprise is over-generalized to the perception of fear and that the categorical boundary is less discrete than for other emotional expression pairs. This blending is perhaps due to their confusion on both the perceptual and production levels. Additionally, a choice between external and internal validity when picking emotional expression stimuli is also discussed.

scholarly journals I Show You How I Like You: Human-Robot Interaction through Emotional Expression and Tactile Stimulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (544) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores Canamero ◽  
Jakob Fredslund
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Physical Manipulation

We report work on a LEGO robot capable of displaying several emotional expressions in response to physical contact. Our motivation has been to explore believable emotional exchanges to achieve plausible interaction with a simple robot. We have worked toward this goal in two ways. <p>First, acknowledging the importance of physical manipulation in children's interactions, interaction with the robot is through tactile stimulation; the various kinds of stimulation that can elicit the robot's emotions are grounded in a model of emotion activation based on different stimulation patterns.</p><p>Second, emotional states need to be clearly conveyed. We have drawn inspiration from theories of human basic emotions with associated universal facial expressions, which we have implemented in a caricaturized face. We have conducted experiments on both children and adults to assess the recognizability of these expressions.</p>

Psychological Differentiation in Passively Oriented Children

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-706
Author(s):  
Jean Frances Ladkin ◽  
Carol L. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
Body Concept ◽  
Human Figure Drawings ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Two Age Groups

Level of psychological differentiation was investigated in boys ( N = 30) categorized as Passive-Aggressive or Normal, and subdivided into two age groups: 6 to 8 and 10 to 12 yr. old. Differentiation was defined in terms of two instruments developed by Witkin, the Children's Embedded Figures Test, and the Sophistication of Body-concept Scale used with human figure drawings. Significantly lower levels of differentiation were observed for Passive-Aggressive Ss over Normal Ss and for younger Ss over older Ss.

The Compilation and Validation of a Collection of Emotional Expression Images Communicated by Synthetic and Human Faces

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-62
Author(s):  
Louise Lawrence ◽  
Deborah Abdel Nabi
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Affect Recognition ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Emotion Representation ◽  
Emotion Recognition Training ◽  
Human Faces

The BARTA (Bolton Affect Recognition Tri-Stimulus Approach) is a unique database comprising over 400 colour images of the universally recognised basic emotional expressions and is the first compilation to include three different classes of validated face stimuli; emoticon, computer-generated cartoon and photographs of human faces. The validated tri-stimulus collection (all images received =70% inter-rater (child and adult) consensus) has been developed to promote pioneering research into the differential effects of synthetic emotion representation on atypical emotion perception, processing and recognition in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and, given the recent evidence for an ASD synthetic-face processing advantage (Rosset et al., 2008), provides a means of investigating the benefits associated with the recruitment of synthetic face images in ASD emotion recognition training contexts.

scholarly journals The Emotional Expressions of Chinese People in Batam Island

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Wilis Srisayekti ◽  
Jeany Hesty Buana
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Display Rules ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Findings

Chinese people have long been a subject in the social history in Indonesia and their emotional expressions in front of the public especially have been affected by history. The previous empirical research findings in the Batam Island showed that Chinese people had unique emotional expression and this uniqueness may inflict interpersonal conflict with people of other ethnicities. This research was held to describe the emotional expression of the Chinese in the Batam Island. Their expressions compared with those of non Chinese. The adapted Display Rules Assessment Inventory (Matsumoto & Yoo, 2007) were distributed to the research participants (men and women in the Batam Island, totally 195 Chinese and 132 non Chinese). The analysis data result were presented in percentage and it showed that there were several similarities and differences between these two ethnic groups on (1) the display rules of seven basic emotions and (2) the display rules of emotion toward targeted persons, both in public and in private places. Based on the socioculutral paradigm, this finding will help solve any interpersonal – related problems faced by the Chinese with people of other ethnicities in the Batam Island.

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