scholarly journals The Anterior Cingulate Cortex May Enhance Inhibition of Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Via m2 Cholinergic Receptors at Dual Synaptic Sites

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (44) ◽  
pp. 15611-15625 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Medalla ◽  
H. Barbas
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cholinergic Receptors ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

scholarly journals The Role of Intact Frontostriatal Circuits in Error Processing

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Ullsperger ◽  
D. Yves von Cramon
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Error Related Negativity

The basal ganglia have been suggested to play a key role in performance monitoring and resulting behavioral adjustments. It is assumed that the integration of prefrontal and motor cortico—striato—thalamo—cortical circuits provides contextual information to the motor anterior cingulate cortex regions to enable their function in performance monitoring. So far, direct evidence is missing, however. We addressed the involvement of frontostriatal circuits in performance monitoring by collecting event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavioral data in nine patients with focal basal ganglia lesions and seven patients with lateral prefrontal cortex lesions while they performed a flanker task. In both patient groups, the amplitude of the error-related negativity was reduced, diminishing the difference to the ERPs on correct responses. Despite these electrophysiological abnormalities, most of the patients were able to correct errors. Only in lateral prefrontal cortex patients whose lesions extended into the frontal white matter, disrupting the connections to the motor anterior cingulate cortex and the striatum, were error corrections severely impaired. In sum, the fronto—striato—thalamo—cortical circuits seem necessary for the generation of error-related negativity, even when brain plasticity has resulted in behavioral compensation of the damage. Thus, error-related ERPs in patients provide a sensitive measure of the integrity of the performance monitoring network.

scholarly journals Phase of Firing Coding of Learning Variables across Prefrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum during Feature Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Voloh ◽  
Mariann Oemisch ◽  
Thilo Womelsdorf
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Reward Prediction

AbstractThe prefrontal cortex and striatum form a recurrent network whose spiking activity encodes multiple types of learning-relevant information. This spike-encoded information is evident in average firing rates, but finer temporal coding might allow multiplexing and enhanced readout across the connected the network. We tested this hypothesis in the fronto-striatal network of nonhuman primates during reversal learning of feature values. We found that neurons encoding current choice outcomes, outcome prediction errors, and outcome history in their firing rates also carried significant information in their phase-of-firing at a 10-25 Hz beta frequency at which they synchronized across lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum. The phase-of-firing code exceeded information that could be obtained from firing rates alone, was strong for inter-areal connections, and multiplexed information at three different phases of the beta cycle that were offset from the preferred spiking phase of neurons. Taken together, these findings document the multiplexing of three different types of information in the phase-of-firing at an interareally shared beta oscillation frequency during goal-directed behavior.HighlightsLateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum show phase-of-firing encoding for outcome, outcome history and reward prediction errors.Neurons with phase-of-firing code synchronize long-range at 10-25 Hz.Spike phases encoding reward prediction errors deviate from preferred synchronization phases.Anterior cingulate cortex neurons show strongest long-range effects.

scholarly journals Phase of firing coding of learning variables across the fronto-striatal network during feature-based learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Voloh ◽  
Mariann Oemisch ◽  
Thilo Womelsdorf
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Information Gain ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Firing Rates

Abstract The prefrontal cortex and striatum form a recurrent network whose spiking activity encodes multiple types of learning-relevant information. This spike-encoded information is evident in average firing rates, but finer temporal coding might allow multiplexing and enhanced readout across the connected network. We tested this hypothesis in the fronto-striatal network of nonhuman primates during reversal learning of feature values. We found that populations of neurons encoding choice outcomes, outcome prediction errors, and outcome history in their firing rates also carry significant information in their phase-of-firing at a 10–25 Hz band-limited beta frequency at which they synchronize across lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and anterior striatum when outcomes were processed. The phase-of-firing code exceeds information that can be obtained from firing rates alone and is evident for inter-areal connections between anterior cingulate cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior striatum. For the majority of connections, the phase-of-firing information gain is maximal at phases of the beta cycle that were offset from the preferred spiking phase of neurons. Taken together, these findings document enhanced information of three important learning variables at specific phases of firing in the beta cycle at an inter-areally shared beta oscillation frequency during goal-directed behavior.

scholarly journals Feature Specific Prediction Errors and Surprise across Macaque Fronto-Striatal Circuits during Attention and Learning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariann Oemisch ◽  
Stephanie Westendorff ◽  
Marzyeh Azimi ◽  
Seyed Ali Hassani ◽  
Salva Ardid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Specific Prediction

SummaryPrediction errors signal unexpected outcomes indicating that expectations need to be adjusted. For adjusting expectations efficiently prediction errors need to be associated with the precise features that gave rise to the unexpected outcome. For many visual tasks this credit assignment proceeds in a multidimensional feature space that makes it ambiguous which object defining features are relevant. Here, we report of a potential solution by showing that neurons in all areas of the medial and lateral fronto-striatal networks encode prediction errors that are specific to separate features of attended multidimensional stimuli, with the most ubiquitous prediction error occurring for the reward relevant features. These feature specific prediction error signals (1) are different from a non-specific prediction error signal, (2) arise earliest in the anterior cingulate cortex and later in lateral prefrontal cortex, caudate and ventral striatum, and (3) contribute to feature-based stimulus selection after learning. These findings provide strong evidence for a widely-distributed feature-based eligibility trace that can be used to update synaptic weights for improved feature-based attention.HighlightsNeural reward prediction errors carry information for updating feature-based attention in all areas of the fronto-striatal network.Feature specific neural prediction errors emerge earliest in anterior cingulate cortex and later in lateral prefrontal cortex.Ventral striatum neurons encode feature specific surprise strongest for the goal-relevant feature.Neurons encoding feature-specific prediction errors contribute to attentional selection after learning.

Effects of unilateral deactivations of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex on saccadic eye movements

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Koval ◽  
R. Matthew Hutchison ◽  
Stephen G. Lomber ◽  
Stefan Everling
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Single Neuron Recording

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have both been implicated in the cognitive control of saccadic eye movements by single neuron recording studies in nonhuman primates and functional imaging studies in humans, but their relative roles remain unclear. Here, we reversibly deactivated either dlPFC or ACC subregions in macaque monkeys while the animals performed randomly interleaved pro- and antisaccades. In addition, we explored the whole-brain functional connectivity of these two regions by applying a seed-based resting-state functional MRI analysis in a separate cohort of monkeys. We found that unilateral dlPFC deactivation had stronger behavioral effects on saccades than unilateral ACC deactivation, and that the dlPFC displayed stronger functional connectivity with frontoparietal areas than the ACC. We suggest that the dlPFC plays a more prominent role in the preparation of pro- and antisaccades than the ACC.

scholarly journals SNAP-25a/b Isoform Levels in Human Brain Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Thompson ◽  
Dianne A. Cruz ◽  
Elizabeth A. Fucich ◽  
Dianna Y. Olukotun ◽  
Masami Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of True and False Recognition Memory for Socially Relevant Information in Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M Jimenez ◽  
Junghee Lee ◽  
Eric A Reavis ◽  
Jonathan K Wynn ◽  
Michael F Green
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Socially Relevant

Abstract Individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) demonstrate poor recognition memory, even when information is socially relevant. The neural alterations associated with responses to old information that is accurately recognized (true recognition) vs new information inaccurately identified as old (false recognition) are not known. Twenty SZ patients and 16 healthy controls performed a recognition paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using 78 learned target and 78 new distractor words (all socially relevant trait adjectives). Participants were asked to indicate whether they had seen the word before or not. Words were classified according to the subjects’ responses, as hits (true recognition), false alarms (false recognition), correct rejections, or misses and compared for blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation. During hits, patients with SZ and controls showed similar BOLD activation in expected areas of lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. During false alarms, controls activated many of the same regions as were activated during hits. In contrast, patients had reduced activation in lateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Area, BA, 9, 46), anterior cingulate/paracingulate (BA 24/32, 6), and posterior cingulate cortex (BA 23/31). These results indicate that, compared to controls, patients with SZ exhibit a lack of correspondence between behavior (ie, falsely identifying new items as old) and neural activation patterns (ie, overlap in activation of regions associated with true and false recognition). These findings shed light on the neural mechanisms associated with false recognition memory in SZ.

Anatomy of Motor Learning. I. Frontal Cortex and Attention to Action

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1313-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jueptner ◽  
K. M. Stephan ◽  
C. D. Frith ◽  
D. J. Brooks ◽  
R.S.J. Frackowiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
New Learning ◽  
The Right

Jueptner, M., K. M. Stephan, C. D. Frith, D. J. Brooks, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and R. E. Passingham. Anatomy of motor learning. I. Frontal cortex and attention to action. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1313–1324, 1997. We used positron emission tomography to study new learning and automatic performance in normal volunteers. Subjects learned sequences of eight finger movements by trial and error. In a previous experiment we showed that the prefrontal cortex was activated during new learning but not during automatic performance. The aim of the present experiment was to see what areas could be reactivated if the subjects performed the prelearned sequence but were required to pay attention to what they were doing. Scans were carried out under four conditions. In the first the subjects performed a prelearned sequence of eight key presses; this sequence was learned before scanning and was practiced until it had become overlearned, so that the subjects were able to perform it automatically. In the second condition the subjects learned a new sequence during scanning. In a third condition the subjects performed the prelearned sequence, but they were required to attend to what they were doing; they were instructed to think about the next movement. The fourth condition was a baseline condition. As in the earlier study, the dorsal prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate area 32 were activated during new learning, but not during automatic performance. The left dorsal prefrontal cortex and the right anterior cingulate cortex were reactivated when subjects paid attention to the performance of the prelearned sequence compared with automatic performance of the same task. It is suggested that the critical feature was that the subjects were required to attend to the preparation of their responses. However, the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex were activated more when the subjects learned a new sequence than they were when subjects simply paid attention to a prelearned sequence. New learning differs from the attention condition in that the subjects generated moves, monitored the outcomes, and remembered the responses that had been successful. All these are nonroutine operations to which the subjects must attend. Further analysis is needed to specify which are the nonroutine operations that require the involvement of the dorsal prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex.

Attenuated responses to emotional expressions in women with generalized anxiety disorder

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1009-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Palm ◽  
R. Elliott ◽  
S. McKie ◽  
J. F. W. Deakin ◽  
I. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Bold Signal

BackgroundGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD) is under-researched despite its high prevalence and large impact on the healthcare system. There is a paucity of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that explore the neural correlates of emotional processing in GAD. The present study investigated the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to processing positive and negative facial emotions in patients with GAD.MethodA total of 15 female GAD patients and 16 female controls undertook an implicit face emotion task during fMRI scanning. They also performed a face emotion recognition task outside the scanner.ResultsThe only behavioural difference observed in GAD patients was less accurate detection of sad facial expressions compared with control participants. However, GAD patients showed an attenuated BOLD signal in the prefrontal cortex to fearful, sad, angry and happy facial expressions and an attenuated signal in the anterior cingulate cortex to happy and fearful facial expressions. No differences were found in amygdala response.ConclusionsIn contrast with previous research, this study found BOLD signal attenuation in the ventrolateral and medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex during face emotion processing, consistent with a hypothesis of hypo-responsivity to external emotional stimuli in GAD. These decreases were in areas that have been implicated in emotion and cognition and may reflect an altered balance between internally and externally directed attentional processes.

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