FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF SURF SCOTERS (MELANITTA PERSPICILLATA)AND WHITE-WINGED SCOTERS (M. FUSCA) IN RELATION TO CLAM DENSITY: INFERRING FOOD AVAILABILITY AND HABITAT QUALITY

The Auk ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
TYLER L. LEWIS ◽  
DANIEL ESLER ◽  
W. SEAN BOYD
The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Lyons

Abstract Foraging behavior often reflects food availability in predictable ways. For example, in habitats where food availability is high, predators should attack prey more often and move more slowly than in habitats where food availability is low. To assess relative food availability and habitat quality, I studied the foraging behavior of breeding Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea) in two forest habitat types, cypress-gum swamp forest and coastal-plain levee forest. I quantified foraging behavior with focal animal sampling and continuous recording during foraging bouts. I measured two aspects of foraging behavior: 1) prey attack rate (attacks per minute), using four attack maneuvers (glean, sally, hover, strike), and 2) foraging speed (movements per minute), using three types of movement (hop, short flight [≤1 m], long flight [>1 m]). Warblers attacked prey more often in cypress-gum swamp forest than in coastal-plain levee forest. Foraging speed, however, was not different between habitats. I also measured foraging effort (% time spent foraging) and relative frequency of attack maneuvers employed in each habitat; neither of these variables was influenced by forest type. I conclude that Prothonotary Warblers encounter more prey when foraging in cypress-gum swamps than in coastal-plain levee forest, and that greater food availability results in higher density and greater reproductive success for birds breeding in cypress-gum swamp. Conductas de Alimentación Específicas según el Hábitat en Protonotaria citrea: Deduciendo la Calidad del Hábitat Resumen. La conducta de alimentación a menudo refleja la disponibilidad de alimento de maneras previsibles. Por ejemplo, en los hábitats donde la disponibilidad de alimento es alta, los depredadores deberían atacar presas más a menudo y moverse más lentamente que en los hábitats donde la disponibilidad de alimento es baja. Estudié la conducta de alimentación de Protonotaria citrea durante la época reproductiva en dos tipos de hábitats boscosos, el bosque pantanoso de ciprés-gomero y el bosque plano costero de albardón, para evaluar la disponibilidad relativa de alimento y la calidad de hábitat. Cuantifiqué la conducta de alimentación mediante muestreos focales y grabaciones continuas mientras las aves se alimentaban. Medí dos aspectos de dicha conducta: 1) la tasa de ataque a presas (ataques por minuto), utilizando cuatro maniobras de ataque (desplazarse sobre un sustrato recogiendo presas, vuelo desde una percha para atrapar las presas en el aire, vuelo suspendido, y otra maniobra de revoloteo), y 2) la velocidad (movimientos por minuto), utilizando tres tipos de movimiento (salto, vuelo corto [≤1 m], vuelo largo [>1 m]). Los individuos de P. citrea atacaron presas más a menudo en el bosque pantanoso de ciprés-gomero que en el bosque plano costero de albardón. La velocidad de alimentación, sin embargo, no fue diferente entre hábitats. Medí también el esfuerzo (% del tiempo utilizado en forrajear) y la frecuencia relativa de maniobras de ataque empleadas en cada hábitat; ninguna de estas variables fue influenciada por el tipo bosque. Concluyo que los individuos de P. citrea encuentran más presas cuando se alimentan en pantanos de ciprés-gomero que en el bosque plano costero de albardón, y que una mayor disponibilidad de alimento se traduce en una mayor densidad y en un éxito reproductivo más alto para las aves de los bosques pantanosos de ciprés-gomero.


The Auk ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 1063-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Rodewald ◽  
Margaret C. Brittingham

AbstractStopover habitat quality may influence the abundance of migrant landbirds, yet little is known about how spatial and temporal changes in stopover habitat quality influence the use of habitats by migrant landbirds. From late April to late May, 1997–1999, we surveyed migrant landbirds within five habitats (early successional shrub-sapling-stage forest, midsuccessional pole-stage forest, mature forest interior, mature forest-agricultural edge, and mature suburban forest) in central Pennsylvania. To assess relative quality of stopover habitats, we measured species abundance, species richness, and foraging behavior of Yellow-rumped Warblers (Dendroica coronata). We measured vegetation structure and phenology to examine proximate cues of potential importance in habitat selection. Of nine transient (nonbreeding) species analyzed, seven-Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), Nashville Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla), Northern Parula (Parula americana), Magnolia Warbler (D. magnolia), Black-throated Blue Warbler (D. caerulescens), Yellow-rumped Warbler, and Blackpoll Warbler (D. striata)-were most abundant in mature forests, and especially edge-dominated mature forests (forest-agricultural edge and suburban forest). Habitats used by mature-forest-breeding transients changed between years, but edge-dominated forest types were used most frequently in all three years. Although canopy leaf development at mature forest sites showed little relationship to site use by mature-forest-breeding transients within weekly intervals, year-to-year differences in leaf phenology were consistent with year-to-year changes in habitat use by migrant landbirds. Foraging behavior of Yellow-rumped Warblers suggested higher food availability and quality in forest-agricultural edges, compared with suburban forest and forest interior. Mature-forest-breeding transients were positively associated with sites that had large trees (>38 cm diameter at breast height) and denser understory vegetation (stems 0–2.5 cm in diameter). Extensive use of mature edge-dominated forests by migrating forest birds during spring suggests that these habitats may be important for the conservation of migrant landbirds.Uso de Hábitat durante las Escalas Migratorias por Aves Migratorias Terrestres: el Papel de la Estructura del Hábitat, el Desarrollo de las Hojas y la Disponibilidad de Alimento


2015 ◽  
Vol 296 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Santicchia ◽  
C. Romeo ◽  
A. Martinoli ◽  
P. Lanfranchi ◽  
L. A. Wauters ◽  
...  

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Dill

Flexibility is an important adaptive feature of the foraging behavior of fishes, because most natural environments vary both spatially and temporally. Fish should respond to low levels of food availability by altering their behavior in ways which ensure higher feeding rates, larger feeding territories, and broader diets. It is shown that the gastric sensation of hunger and its rate of change may act as appropriate cues to food availability, and observed hunger-motivated changes in feeding behavior can produce all of these predicted effects. Data are presented to show that juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alter their behavior in an adaptive manner when faced with variable degrees of threat of competition from territorial intruders, and of risk of predation. A review of similar studies on other species supports the generality of these results. Learning is an important mechanism providing behavioral flexibility, and changes in fish feeding behavior with experience are summarized. A graphical model is developed to show that these changes can result in training biases and food specialization. Learning also results in increased feeding rates. The consequences of these observations for the development of refined models of foraging are discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-517
Author(s):  
Adam C. Behney

Abstract The ability to assess habitat quality for wildlife is important for evaluating the effectiveness of, or need for, habitat management. Habitat assessment methods generally involve a tradeoff between usability and explanatory power and finding the optimal balance can be challenging. In 2013, Colorado Parks and Wildlife developed a habitat quality rapid assessment method for dabbling ducks (Anatidae) that field personnel used to evaluate wetland management projects. The assessment involves six multiple-choice questions related to vegetation and wetland structure and is designed to be used by people with little wetland ecology training. I tested the ability of the assessment to predict duck density and food availability at 44 sites in northeastern Colorado. I found that the procedure explained 10–22% of the variability in food availability and was not a good predictor of duck density. By altering the grouping of answers as well as the weight of each question, score associated with each answer, and substituting a new question relating to percentage of coverage of duck food–producing plants, the ability of the assessment to explain food availability increased to 30%. Overall, the assessment may be sufficient for relative indication of habitat quality, but if wildlife managers desire precise predictions, further refinement is necessary.


The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler L. Lewis ◽  
Daniel Esler ◽  
W. Sean Boyd ◽  
Ramūnas Žydelis

Abstract We studied the nocturnal foraging behavior of Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) and White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca) during winter in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Using radio telemetry, we collected nocturnal and diurnal data documenting the frequency of foraging dives and the location of scoters in relation to their intertidal foraging grounds. We found that dive foraging rarely occurred during nocturnal periods for either species. Only 2% of nocturnal observation blocks for both scoter species contained diving, compared with 98% of diurnal observation blocks. This corresponded to an average of only 0.1 min spent underwater per half-hour observation block during the night and over 7 min during the day. Both species of scoters were located farther offshore and in deeper waters during nocturnal hours, indicating that they were not using intertidal foraging areas at night. Our results suggest that Surf Scoters and White-winged Scoters face daylight-imposed limits on the amount of available foraging time. These potential day-length restrictions should be considered when reviewing human activities that potentially alter the amount of available foraging time or food supplies in winter habitats. Comportamiento de Forrajeo Nocturno de Melanitta perspicillata y M. fusca Resumen. Se estudió el comportamiento de forrajeo nocturno de Melanitta perspicillata y M. fusca durante el invierno en la costa de British Columbia. Utilizando radio-telemetría, se colectaron datos nocturnos y diurnos sobre la frecuencia de buceos para alimentarse y la ubicación de las aves con relación a la zona intermareal. Se encontró que los buceos nocturnos son infrecuentes para ambas especies. Sólo en el 2% de las observaciones nocturnas de ambas especies se presentaron instancias de buceo, en comparación con el 98% de las observaciones diurnas. Esto corresponde a un promedio de 0.11 minutos bajo el agua por cada 30 minutos de observación durante la noche y más de 7 minutos durante el día. Ambas especies se ubicaron más alejadas de la costa y en aguas más profundas durante la noche, indicando que los individuos no utilizaron zonas intermareales durante este periodo. Estos resultados sugieren que M. perspicillata y M. fusca enfrentan restricciones en el número de horas disponibles para alimentarse en función de la cantidad de luz. El efecto de la duración del día debe ser considerado cuando se estudia el impacto de actividades humanas que pueden alterar el tiempo disponible para forrajeo o la cantidad de alimento durante el invierno.


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