Adémar de Chabannes (989–1034) and Musical Literacy

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-638
Author(s):  
James Grier
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Musical Notation ◽  
Relative Pitch ◽  
Innovative Technique ◽  
Musical Practices ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Musical Literacy

Abstract In the second half of 1027, Adémar de Chabannes contributed the musical notation to the production of an elaborate liturgical manuscript (currently Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS latin 1121) at the scriptorium of Saint Martial in Limoges. While doing so, he introduced the innovative technique of placing the neumes in strict alignment along the vertical axis of writing in accordance with their relative pitch. The accurate heighting of the neumes revolutionized the teaching of music at Saint Martial, and eventually throughout Aquitaine. Instead of relying on the rote communication of melodies from more experienced singers, younger musicians could turn to the visual transmission of chant through the medium of notation, now made more transparent by the use of accurate heighting. This article investigates the musical and intellectual context in which Adémar introduced the innovation of accurate heighting to the scriptorium at Saint Martial, the role of tonaries (now equipped with precise intervallic information) in musical pedagogy, and the impact of these devices on musical practices at Saint Martial through the eleventh century.

Chilean Culture

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-106
Author(s):  
Dan Bendrups
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Music Culture ◽  
Rapa Nui ◽  
Performance Style ◽  
Musical Practices ◽  
Pan American ◽  
The Impact

This chapter provides a discussion of Chile’s interactions with Rapa Nui before, during, and after the island’s annexation, and the impact of these interactions in Rapanui music culture. It considers both the effect of Chilean cultural imports on Rapanui musical practices and the ways in which Chile has acted as a conduit to influences from a broader pan-American cultural context. The chapter explains the role of Chilean folklore in inspiring a local ensemble (or conjunto) performance style that centers on the guitar. It also describes the emergence of Tapati Rapa Nui, the island’s annual cultural festival, which was originally inspired by Chilean “spring queen” festivals.

Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Brambilla ◽  
David A. Butz
Keyword(s):  
Gay Men ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Intergroup Threat ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Climate

Two studies examined the impact of macrolevel symbolic threat on intergroup attitudes. In Study 1 (N = 71), participants exposed to a macrosymbolic threat (vs. nonsymbolic threat and neutral topic) reported less support toward social policies concerning gay men, an outgroup whose stereotypes implies a threat to values, but not toward welfare recipients, a social group whose stereotypes do not imply a threat to values. Study 2 (N = 78) showed that, whereas macrolevel symbolic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward gay men, macroeconomic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward Asians, an outgroup whose stereotypes imply an economic threat. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the role of a general climate of threat in shaping intergroup attitudes.

Rapid evaluation of FDG imaging alternatives using head-to-head comparisons of full ring and gamma camera based PET scanners –

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (05) ◽  
pp. 208-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Haslinghuis-Bajan ◽  
L. Hooft ◽  
A. van Lingen ◽  
M. van Tulder ◽  
W. Devillé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Prospective Evaluation ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Variable Head ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pet Scanners

SummaryAim: While FDG full ring PET (FRPET) has been gradually accepted in oncology, the role of the cheaper gamma camera based alternatives (GCPET) is less clear. Since technology is evolving rapidly, “tracker trials” would be most helpful to provide a first approximation of the relative merits of these alternatives. As difference in scanner sensitivity is the key variable, head-to-head comparison with FRPET is an attractive study design. This systematic review summarises such studies. Methods: Nine studies were identified until July 1, 2000. Two observers assessed the methodological quality (Cochrane criteria), and extracted data. Results: The studies comprised a variety of tumours and indications. The reported GC- and FRPET agreement for detection of malignant lesions ranged from 55 to 100%, but with methodological limitations (blinding, standardisation, limited patient spectrum). Mean lesion diameter was 2.9 cm (SD 1.8), with only about 20% <1.5 cm. The 3 studies with the highest quality reported concordances of 74-79%, for the studied lesion spectrum. Contrast at GCPET was lower than that of FRPET, contrast and detection agreement were positively related. Logistic regression analysis suggested that pre-test indicators might be used to predict FRPET-GCPET concordance. Conclusion: In spite of methodological limitations, “first generation” GCPET devices detected sufficient FRPET positive lesions to allow prospective evaluation in clinical situations where the impact of FRPET is not confined to detection of small lesions (<1.5 cm). The efficiency of head-to-head comparative studies would benefit from application in a clinically relevant patient spectrum, with proper blinding and standardisation of acquisition procedures.

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