scholarly journals Bird Communities In Seblat Nature Recreation Park (SNRP) North Bengkulu, Bengkulu

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Eki Susanto ◽  
Yeni Aryati Mulyani ◽  
Bambang Suryobroto
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Community Similarity ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Net Method ◽  
Logged Forest ◽  
Vegetation Structures

<p>Bird communities are the composition of several bird species that live together in the same place, time and interact with other birds. The diversity of birds in an area can be used as an indicator of stabilizing an area. Changes of vegetation structures due to logging practices can affect the availability of resources for bird communities. The objective of the research was to examine diversity, richness, bird species abundance and bird community similarity at HS1 (logged forest 1974), HS2 (logged forest 1989/1990) and HS3 (fully logged forest 1989/1990) in Seblat Nature Recreation Park (SNRP). The research was conducted in July – September 2013. Data collection was conducted by point count method (total 36 points) and mist net method (total 4752 nets hours). The Research showed 85 bird’s species from 33 families were recorded. HS2 was highest value of diversity and richness (H ‘= 3.63, DMG = 10.07). The highest relative abundance species in HS1 was Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica), while HS2 and HS3 were Slender-billed Crow (Corvus enca). The bird community similarity was highest in HS2 and HS3 (ISj = 0.58).</p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Susanto, E., Mulyani, Y. A., &amp; Suryobroto, B. (2016). Bird Communities In Seblat Nature Recreation Park (SNRP) North Bengkulu, Bengkulu. <em>Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology &amp; Biology Education</em>, 8(1), 25-32.</p>

scholarly journals Birds surveyed in the harvested and unharvested areas of a reduced-impact logged forestry concession, located in the lowland subtropical humid forests of the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Check List ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Felton ◽  
Bennett A. Hennessey ◽  
Annika M. Felton ◽  
David B. Lindenmayer
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Logging Effects ◽  
Logged Forest ◽  
Reduced Impact Logging

As part of a larger study of reduced-impact logging effects on bird community composition, we surveyed birds from December to February during the 2003-2004 wet-season within harvested and unharvested blocks of the La Chonta forestry concession, Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The logged forest was harvested using reducedimpact logging techniques between one and four years previously. During point count surveys, we identified 5062 individual birds, belonging to 155 species, and 33 families. We provide a list of bird species found within the harvested and unharvested blocks of the concession for the benefit of other researchers assessing the responses of Neotropical avifauna to disturbance, and to facilitate increased understanding of the diverse bird assemblages found within the lowland subtropical humid forests of Bolivia. 

scholarly journals Respon Komunitas Burung terhadap Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) Kamojang, Bandung, Jawa Barat

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diyah Kartikasari ◽  
Satyawan Pudyatmoko ◽  
Novianto Bambang Wawandono ◽  
Pri Utami
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Geothermal Power Plant ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Geothermal Power

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon komunitas burung terhadap keberadaan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi Kamojang. Kami membandingkan keanekaragaman dan kekayaan jenis burung pada lokasi yang terdampak (DL) dan tidak terdampak (TL) di Wilayah Kerja Panas Bumi Kamojang, Cagar Alam Kamojang dan Taman Wisata Alam Kamojang di Kabupaten Bandung Provinsi Jawa Barat. Lokasi yang terdampak berada di sekitar sumur produksi atau pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi (30 sampel) sedangkan lokasi yang tidak terdampak adalah dengan jarak 3.000 m sampai 9.000 m dari fasilitas tersebut (42 sampel). Pengumpulan data dilakukan selama dua musim; musim kemarau dan penghujan (2015-2016). Kami mengumpulkan data komunitas burung dan data habitat dengan metode point count yang ditempatkan secara sistematis di setiap lokasi. Kami menemukan 124 spesies burung yang terdiri dari 35 famili dan 16 spesies di antaranya adalah burung endemik di Pulau Jawa. Dua puluh tiga spesies dilindungi oleh undang-undang di Indonesia, sembilan spesies termasuk dalam daftar lampiran CITES dan lima spesies masuk dalam Daftar Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN tahun 2017. Terdapat perbedaan respon antara komunitas burung di lokasi terdampak dan tidak terdampak yang ditunjukkan dengan perbedaan rata-rata jumlah spesies, jumlah individu masing-masing spesies, indeks keanekaragaman ShannonWiener. Lokasi tidak terdampak memiliki nilai lebih tinggi pada parameter ini dibanding lokasi yang terkena dampak. Demikian juga, jumlah spesies, jumlah individu vegetasi dan indeks keanekaragaman hayati ShannonWiener pada lokasi TL memiliki nilai rata-rata lebih tinggi daripada lokasi DL. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa meskipun panas bumi dianggap sebagai energi ramah lingkungan namun dalam penggunaannya masih berdampak pada keanekaragaman hayati di sekitarnya terutama untuk jenis burung. Response of Bird Community to Kamojang Geothermal Power Plant, Bandung, West JavaAbstractThis study aimed to investigate the response of bird communities on the presence of geothermal power plant of Kamojang. We compared the bird diversity and richness of affected (DL) and not affected (TL) in Kamojang Geothermal Working Area, Kamojang Nature Reserve and Kamojang Nature Park in Bandung regency of West Java Province. The affected sites were surrounding production wells or geothermal power plants (30 samples) whereas not affected sites were with distance of 3,000 m to 9,000 m from those facilities (42 samples). The data collection was carried out during two seasons; dry and rainy season in (2015-2016). In each site, we collected bird community data and habitat data with the point count method which was placed systematically on each sites. We found 124 birds species belongs to 35 families with 16 endemic species in Java Island. Twenty three species are protected by Indonesian law, with nine species are in the CITES appendix list and five species are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species of 2017. There was a difference of responses between bird communities in the affected and not affected sites which is indicated by differences in the mean number of species, number of individuals in each species, and Shannon-Wiener's diversity index. The not affected sites had higher value on these parameters than the affected sites. Similarly, number of species, number of individual vegetation, and Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index in TL sites had higher mean values than DL sites. This proves that although geothermal is considered as environmentally friendly energy but in its utilization it still has an impact on the surrounding biodiversity especially for bird species.

scholarly journals Bird communities and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franciscus Xaverius Sudaryanto ◽  
Junita Hardini ◽  
Lalu Achmad Tan Tilar Wangsajati Sukmaring Kalih ◽  
Muhammad Mirzan Asrori ◽  
I Wayan Suana
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Point Count Method ◽  
Near Threatened

Abstract. Sudaryanto FX, Hardini J, Kalih LATTWS, Asrori MM, Suana IW. 2019. Bird communities and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3676-3683. A study on bird community and vegetation composition in Nusa Penida was carried out to determine its diversity, conservation status, and habitat as an effort to conserve and develop birdwatching ecotourism in Nusa Penida. The study was conducted in Tembeling forest and Ped agroforestry. By using the point count method, we found 80 species of birds: 70 species in Tembeling forest and 79 species in Ped agroforestry. Fourteen species of birds are protected by Indonesian law. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, four species are Critically Endangered and one species is classified as Near Threatened. We also found eight species of migratory birds. Diversity of birds in Nusa Penida was high. Individuals of each bird species was spread evenly, except Hirundo rustica, Hirundo tahitica and Streptopelia chinensis were dominant. Twenty-five species of trees were found in Tembeling, while in Ped were found 22 species. These vegetations were provided birds with good resources for foraging, resting, and nesting.

scholarly journals KOMPOSISI GUILD KOMUNITAS BURUNG DI AREA PANAS BUMI CAGAR ALAM DAN TAMAN WISATA ALAMKAMOJANG JAWA BARAT INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Diyah Kartikasari ◽  
Satyawan Pudyatmoko ◽  
Novianto Bambang Wawandono ◽  
Pri Utami
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
West Java ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
Number Of Individuals

This study aims to investigate the response of Bird Communities Guild Composition in Geothermal Area Kamojang Nature Reserve and Kamojang Nature Park West Java Indonesia. We compared the number of species, the number of individuals and the composition of bird guilds of directly affected (DL) and not affected (TL) in Kamojang geothermal working area, Kamojang nature reserve and Kamojang nature park in Bandung regency of West Java Province. The directly affected sites were surrounding production wells or geothermal power plants (30 samples) whereas indirectly affected sites were with distance of 3,000 m to 9,000 m from those facilities (42 samples). The data collection was carried out during two seasons; dry and rainy season in (2015-2016). We collected bird community data with the point count method which was placed systematically on each site. We found 124 bird species in CA / TWA Kamojang and 90 species (1560 individuals) of birds at the sample point. The number of species and the number of individual in TL locations is greater than the DL (DL locations = 65 species, 525 individuals; TL sites = 72 species, 1035 individuals). There is a difference of responses between bird communities in the DL and TL sites which is indicated by differences in the mean number of species and number of individuals in each point count.The mean number of species and the number of individual birds per point count in the TL location is greater than DL.The CA / TWA area of Kamojang has seven bird guilds: insectivores, frugivores, granivores, nectarivores, carnivores, piscivores and omnivores. The results of the significance test on the number of species and the number of individuals per guild showed no significant differences between the DL and TL sites, but the birds in DL were commonly found (generalists) and birds found in TL sites were mostly specialist. This proves that the TL location has better environmental conditions or relatively undisturbed.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji komposisi guild komunitas burung di Area Panas Bumi Cagar Alam dan Taman Wisata Alam Kamojang. Penulis membandingkan jumlah jenis, jumlah individu dan komposisi guild burung pada lokasi yang terdampak langsung (DL) dan tidak terdampak langsung (TL) di Wilayah Kerja Panas Bumi Kamojang, Cagar Alam Kamojang dan Taman Wisata Alam Kamojang, Kabupaten Bandung, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Lokasi yang terkena dampak langsung berada di sekitar sumur produksi atau pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi (30 sampel) sedangkan lokasi yang tidak terdampak langsung adalah dengan jarak 3.000 m sampai 9.000 m dari fasilitas tersebut (42 sampel). Pengumpulan data dilakukan selama dua musim; musim kemarau dan penghujan (2015-2016). Kami mengumpulkan data komunitas burung dengan metode point count yang ditempatkan secara sistematis di setiap lokasi. Kami menemukan 124 jenis burung di CA/TWA Kamojang dan 90 jenis (1560 individu) burung pada titik contoh. Jumlah jenis dan jumlah individu burung di lokasi TL lebih besar dibanding lokasi DL. (lokasi DL (65 jenis; 525 individu) dan lokasi TL (72 jenis; 1035 individu). Terdapat perbedaan respon antara komunitas burung di lokasi DL dan TL yang ditunjukkan dengan perbedaan rata-rata jumlah jenis dan jumlah individu tiap titik contoh. Rata-rata jumlah jenis dan jumlah individu burung tiap titik contoh pada lokasi TL lebih besar dibandingkan lokasi DL. Kawasan CA/TWA Kamojang mempunyai dari 7 macam guild burung yaitu : insektivora, frugivora, granivora, nektarivora, karnivora, piscivora dan omnivora.Hasil uji signifikansi terhadap jumlah jenis dan jumlah individu setiap guild menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan nyata antara lokasi DL dan TL, namun pada lokasi DL burung-burung yang ditemukan merupakan burung yang umum ditemukan (generalis) dan burung yang ditemukan di lokasi TL sebagian besar merupakan burung spesialis. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa lokasi TL memiliki kondisi lingkungan yang lebih baik atau relatif tidak terganggu.

scholarly journals Scale dependence of biotic homogenisation by urbanisation: a comparison of urban bird communities between central Argentina and northern Finland

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas M. Leveau ◽  
Jukka Jokimäki ◽  
Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki
Keyword(s):  
Species Turnover ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Urban Habitats ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Biotic Homogenisation ◽  
Community Dissimilarity ◽  
The Town

AbstractRecent studies showed contrasting results about the homogenising force of urbanisation on bird community composition at large and regional scales. We studied whether urbanisation promotes the homogenisation of wintering bird communities and if this varies when comparing towns located within a specific region and towns located in two different biomes of two countries. We used both similarity indices based on the presence/absence data and the abundance data in comparing communities. Processes governing bird community dissimilarity between urbanisation levels were examined with the partitioning of Sörensen index in species turnover and nestedness. We made bird surveys in town centres and suburban habitats of three cities located in the Pampean region of Argentina and in the boreal region of Finland using a single-visit study plot method. Rarefacted species richness did not differ amongst the town centres between the countries, but it was higher in the suburban areas of Argentina than in Finland. At the country-level comparison, we found a higher similarity amongst the town centres than amongst the suburban areas; whereas at the regional comparison, similarity between town centres was comparable to the similarity between suburban areas. The use of an abundance-based index produced a higher similarity between town centre communities of both countries than when using a presence-based index. The dissimilarity between habitats in Argentina was related to nestedness and to species turnover in Finland. Our results indicate that urban-based biotic homogenisation of bird communities is dependent on the scale used, being more evident when comparing cities of different biomes where the same and abundant bird species, such as sparrows and doves, dominate. At the regional scale, quite a high beta-diversity can still be found within urban habitats. Processes of community dissimilarity between urban habitats may differ according to the regional pool of species, being more related to nestedness toward the tropics.

scholarly journals Dominance and Diversity of Bird Community in Floodplain Forest Ecosystem

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-833
Author(s):  
Karel Poprach ◽  
Jana Vrbková
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Floodplain Forest ◽  
Community Interest

The paper is aimed to assessment of diversity and structure of bird community in floodplain forest ecosystem. Authors present results of analyses data on bird communities obtained at two transects in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area (Czech Republic) in the period 1998–2012. Research of bird communities was carried out using the point-count method. The article deals with qualitative and quantitative representation of breeding bird species, including their relation to habitat type (closed floodplain forest, ecotone). Altogether 63 breeding species were recorded at the Vrapač transect and 67 at the Litovelské luhy transect, respectively. To be able to detect all recorded species, 11 out of 14 years of monitoring were needed at the Vrapač transect and all 8 years of monitoring at the Litovelské luhy transect, respectively. Authors show that the values in dominant bird species change significantly among the particular census dates within one season, mainly with respect to their activity and detectability. Results are discussed in the frame of sustainable forest management in floodplain forest ecosystems. The presented article can promote to discussion aimed to management strategy for floodplain forest ecosystems, which ranks among natural habitat types of Community interest protected under the Natura 2000 European network.

scholarly journals Conserving native trees increases native bird diversity and community composition on commercial office developments

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Bird Conservation ◽  
Tree Protection ◽  
Matrix Habitat ◽  
Site Use

Abstract In cities, woody vegetation provides critical shelter, nesting and foraging habitat for bird species of interest. Human actions—including development and landscaping choices—determine vegetation community composition and structure, making these choices critically important to urban bird conservation. A better understanding of how bird communities are impacted by parcel-scale actions can help guide policy and management best practices to improve matrix habitat quality and quantity. Here, I examined how bird habitat use varies along a vegetation gradient created by different development and landscaping choices. I surveyed 20 commercial office developments near Seattle in the Puget Trough region of Washington, USA selected using stratified random sampling, where I quantified bird communities and observed feeding behavior. I used GLMM and PERMANOVA models with data likelihood metrics to identify the best supported variables for bird site use, along with TITAN models to identify changes in community composition along environmental gradients. I found that measures of bird effective species richness and bird community are positively influenced by the presence of more native conifers, including the presence of a stand predating development and the height and density of native conifers. Measures of the native bird community are negatively influenced by higher non-native tree density. In contrast to prior research, top-down landscape-scale variables did not explain variation in measures of the bird community on office developments. Importantly, I found that birds are associated with the same habitat on office developments as observed elsewhere. Together, my findings suggest an important role for developers, land owners, landscape architects, and tree protection policy in bird conservation.

scholarly journals Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung di Kawasan Pengembangan Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Indah Oktaviani ◽  
Yanti Ariyanti ◽  
Sovia Santi Leksikowati ◽  
Muhammad Asril
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Feeding Guild ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index

AbstrakKawasan kampus Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA) sedang mengalami perkembangan fisik yang pesat, seperti pembangunan gedung perkuliahan, laboratorium, asrama, juga embung untuk sumber air. Informasi mengenai keanekaragaman hayati di ITERA sendiri belum banyak diteliti, salah satunya adalah keanekaragaman burung. Burung merupakan hewan besar yang cukup sensitif dengan perubahan lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data mengenai keanekaragaman burung di ITERA untuk memberikan informasi dasar. Metode yang digunakan adalah teknik point count, diterapkan pada lima stasiun utama yang dipilih berdasarkan pusat aktivitas pembangunan. Analisis yang digunakan adalah indeks keanekaragaman, kemerataan, juga kelimpahan. Selain itu, status konservasi dan tipe pakan jenis burung dianalisis menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 19 jenis burung dari 16 famili. Keanekaragaman jenis burung berdasarkan indeks Shannon-Wiener tergolong sedang dan kemerataan jenis merata. Dari kategori kelimpahan yang digunakan terdapat dua jenis burung yang umum ditemukan. Bersumber pada PP No. 7 tahun 1999, terdapat empat jenis burung di ITERA yang termasuk ke dalam kategori dilindungi dan satu jenis termasuk kategori Appendix II di CITES. Feeding guild burung di ITERA didominasi tipe omnivora dan insektivora. AbstractInstitut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA) campus area is undergoing rapid physical development, such as the construction of lecture buildings, laboratories, dormitories, as well as reservoirs for water sources. Information on biodiversity in ITERA has not much studied, one of which is bird diversity. Birds are large animals that are quite sensitive to environmental changes. This study aims to obtain data on bird diversity at ITERA to provide the baseline information. The method used is a point count technique, applied to five main stations selected based on the center of development activities. The analysis used is an index of diversity, evenness, and abundance. Besides, the conservation status and feed type of bird species were analyzed using secondary data. The results showed that there were 19 species of birds from 16 families. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index classified the bird community as a moderate, and the community evenness index was stable. From the abundance category, two types of birds commonly found. Based on PP No. 7 of 1999, there are four species of birds in ITERA, which included in the protected category and one species, including the Appendix II category in CITES. Omnivorous and insectivorous types dominate bird guild feeding in ITERA.

scholarly journals A checklist of bird communities In Tamhini Wildlife Sanctuary, the northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 11399
Author(s):  
Dhananjay Chavan Vinayak ◽  
Subhash Vitthal Mali
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
New Records ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Wildlife Sanctuary ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Wood Pigeon

Bird communities in Tamhini Wildlife Sanctuary in the northern Western Ghats were studied using line transect and point count methods from the year 2011 to 2013.  The updated checklist of birds at the Sanctuary is now represented by 164 bird species.  The present study reported 35 new records to the area, while 15 earlier reported bird species were not observed.  Overall, 55 insectivorous, 19 omnivorous, 14 granivorous, nine piscivorous, eight frugivorous, eight carnivorous and six nectarivorous species were observed.  Out of these, 98 were residents, 17 winter visitors, three vagrant visitors and one was summer migrant.  Four restricted range species were recorded from the Sanctuary as Nilgiri Wood Pigeon Columba elphinstonii, Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus, White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes and Crimson-backed Sunbird Leptocoma minima.  Human activities such as pruning, cutting, grazing, fires, quarrying, trailing and camping were also reported in and around the Sanctuary.

scholarly journals Consistency in bird community assembly over medium-term along rural-urban gradients in Argentina

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas M. Leveau
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Assembly ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Filtering ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Assembly Rules ◽  
Urban Habitats

Abstract Background The analysis of bird community assembly rules is fundamental to understand which mechanisms determine the composition of bird species in urban areas. However, the long-term variation of community assembly rules has not been analyzed yet. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze the variation of community assembly rules along rural-urban gradients of three cities in central Argentina and (2) to compare the patterns of community assembly between two periods separated by 6 years. Bird surveys were performed along transects in urban, suburban, and rural habitats during 2011 and 2017. Departures from null models that took into account differences in species richness (standardized effect size, SES) were calculated for functional and phylogenetic diversities. Results A total of 57 species were recorded. Bird species richness was higher in suburban than in urban and rural habitats. SES of functional diversity increased over the years and was significantly lower in urban habitats than in rural habitats, showing a pattern of functional clustering in the most urbanized areas and functional randomness in rural ones. Phylogenetic diversity was higher in both suburban and urban habitats than rural ones, and the phylogenetic clustering in rural bird assemblages changed to randomness in suburban and urban habitats. Conclusions Bird communities in urban habitats were phylogenetically random and functionally clustered, evidencing environmental filtering by urbanization. In contrast, bird communities in rural areas tended to be phylogenetically clustered, evidencing that certain clades are adapted to rural areas. The processes structuring bird communities along rural-urban gradients were consistent between the 2 years compared.

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