PENETAPAN ANGKA STANDARD FAKTOR EKSPLOITASI HUTAN ALAM DAN POTENSI LIMBAH PEMANENAN KAYU SUB REGION PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

Saat ini, kegiatan pemanenan kayu di hutan alam lebih efisien dengan diterapkannya teknik pembalakan berdampak rendah (reduced impact logging, RIL). Pemanenan kayu yang lebih efisien akan mengurangi terjadinya limbah yang berakibat meningkatkan angka standar faktor eksploitasi (FE). Ironisnya hingga kini angka standar FE yang ditetapkan oleh Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan masih didasarkan pada cara pemanenan kayu konvensional, yaitu sebesar 0,7. Sub region Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah mempunyai peranan besar dalam menyumbang produksi kayu bulat hutan alam baik secara regional Pulau Kalimantan sebesar 61,5% dan secara Nasional sebesar 29,7%, namun belum diketahui banyaknya limbah pemanenan kayu dan besaran standar faktor eksploitasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui banyaknya limbah pemanenan kayu dan angka standard FE yang dilakukan oleh PBPH di sub region Kalimantan Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan di Perizinan Berusaha Pemanfaatan Hutan (PBPH) yang bersertifikat Pengelolaan Hutan Produksi Lestari (PHPL) mandatory dan PBPH bersertifikat PHPL voluntary. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi limbah pemanenan kayu akibat pembagian batang di petak tebang rata-rata 0,919 m3/pohon dan besarnya limbah kayu akibat pengujian dan pengukuran di TPn berkisar rata-rata 0,093 m3/pohon. Angka FE berkisar antara 0,80-0,85 dengan rata-rata 0,82. Besar kecilnya angka FE lebih dipengaruhi oleh faktor ketrampilan penebang, kebijakan manajemen PBPH, dan diameter pohon ditebang.

Reduced impact logging in the dried land natural production forests in Indonesia

Timber harvesting in natural production forests in Indonesia is still carried out to his day in the form of a bussines license for the utilization of timber forest products-natural forests (IUPHHK-HA). IUPHHK-HA holders have not fully implemented Reduced Impact Logging (RIL). Forest harvesting activities consisting of felling, skidding, bucking, loading, unloading, and transportation of logs are aimed at without significantly disturbing log production and its environment. The purpose of this review is to provide information on RIL in Indonesia. The collection of data was done by using a desk study. Data on productivity, efficiency, costs, damage to the residual stands, and the impact of RIL on emissions were collected. Several research results showed that: (1) logging productivities generally decreased when compared to Conventional Logging (CL), (2) logging efficiency generally increased when compared to CL, (3) logging costs generally increased in the short term, (4) residual stand damages generally reduced when compared to CL, and (5) RIL has potential to reduce emissions compared to CL. It is necessary to do the following: harvest planning such as mapping and distribution of trees, skid trail alignment, design of landings; harvest preparation such as the opening of skid trails, opening of landing places; harvesting such as determining felling direction, felling, skidding, and closure of harvesting such as closure of skid trails and landings.

Jenis Tanah, Komposisi dan Keanekaragaman Jenis Tegakan Pada Pengusahaan Hutan Alam Secara Konvensional dan RIL

Dalam melakukan pengelolaan hutan alam produksi, penggunaan sistem pemanenan yang memberikan dampak kerusakan lingkungan minimal sangat diharapkan. Salah satu sistem pemanenan yang dapat meminimalisir dampak kerusakan lingkungan akibat pemanenan adalah Reduced Impact Logging (RIL). Namun demikian, data hasil kajian terkait dampak sistem pemanenan konvensional dan RIL terhadap komposisi, keanekaragaman jenis dan juga sebaran jenis tanahnya masih sangat sedikit. Padahal, data tersebut sangat penting sebagai bagian strategi untuk implementasi pengelolaan hutan alam lestari dapat lebih berhasil kedepan. Tulisan ini bertujuan menginformasikan sebaran jenis tanah, komposisi dan keanekaragaman jenis tegakan pada wilayah pengusahaan hutan alam yang telah menerapkan sistem pemanenan secara konvensional dan RIL dalam rangka mendukung strategi pengelolaan hutan alam lestari. Plot berbentuk lingkaran digunakan untuk melakukan survei analisis vegetasi di tiga (3) areal IUPHHK-HA yaitu PT. A, PT. B, dan PT. C di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah serta data yang terkumpul selanjutnya dianalisis lebih lanjut yaitu INP (Indeks Nilai Penting), indeks keanekaragaman jenis (Shannon-Wiener), indeks kekayaaan jenis (Margalef) dan indeks kemerataan jenis. Hasil penelitian di seluruh lokasi studi menunjukkan sebaran jenis tanah yang didominasi oleh kompleks Kambisol-Podsol sebesar masing-masing 82,0% (PT. A), 45,38% (PT. B), 48,48% (PT. C) yang memiliki tingkat kesuburan rendah dan ketersediaan hara yang rendah; tidak ditemukan banyak perubahan keberadaan famili-famili tumbuhan berdasarkan 5 spesies dengan INP tertinggi pada masing-masing tingkat pertumbuhan pancang, tiang dan pohon (selisih rata-rata nilai INP pada semua tingkatan pertumbuhan berada dibawah nilai 10%) dimana masih sangat didominasi oleh famili-famili Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae dan Fagaceae; tidak ditemukan banyak perubahan terhadap nilai keanekaragaman (nilai 3,00-3,19), kekayaan (nilai 6,57-7,61) dan kemerataan jenis (nilai 0,82-0,88). Dengan demikian, sistem pemanenan pada hutan alam yang dilaksanakan dengan baik yang mempunyai dampak terhadap lingkungan minimal akan memberikan keberlanjutan komposisi tegakan dan keanekaragaman hayati untuk mendukung terjaminnya kelestarian hutan pada areal pengusahaan hutan alam produksi di Indonesia.ABSTRACTIn managing natural production forest, the use of a logging system that provides minimal damage is highly desirable. One of the logging systems that can minimize the impact of damage due to logging is Reduced Impact Logging (RIL). However, data from studies related to the impact of conventional and RIL logging systems on the composition, species diversity and distribution of soil types are still very few. In fact, the data is very important as part of a strategy for implementing sustainable natural forest management to be more successful in the future. This paper aims to inform the distribution of soil types, composition and species diversity of stands in forest concession areas that have applied conventional logging systems and RIL in order to support sustainable natural forest management strategies. The circular plot was used to conduct a vegetation analysis survey in three (3) IUPHHK-HA areas, namely PT. A, PT. B, and PT. C in Central Kalimantan Province and the data collected were then analyzed further, namely the INP (Importance Value Index), the species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener), the species richness index (Margalef) and the species evenness index. The results of the research in all study locations showed that the distribution of soil types was dominated by the Kambisol-Podsol complex as amounted 82,0% (PT. A), 45,38% (PT. B), 48,48% (PT. C) which had low fertility and low nutrient availability; not found much change in the existence of plant families based on 5 species with the highest INP at each growth stage of saplings, poles and trees (difference in the average INP values at all growth stages below 10%) that still very much dominated by the Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Fagaceae families; not found much change in the value of diversity (value 3,00-3,19), richness (value 6,57-7,61) and evenness of species (value 0,82-0,88).Thus, a logging system that is carried out properly in managing natural forest that has minimum environmental impact will provide sustainability of stand composition and biodiversity to support the assurance of forest sustainability in natural forest concession areas in Indonesia..

REDUCED-IMPACT LOGGING BY ALLOCATING LOG-DECKS USING MULTI-OBJECTIVE EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM IN WESTERN AMAZON

ABSTRACT To reduce the damage caused by logging in the Amazon rainforest, new metaheuristics have been implemented and tested to ensure the sustainability of this economic segment. Therefore, this study aimed to compare alternatives for road sizing and log deck allocation. In a forest management unit, the skidding to log decks was evaluated in two different areas. To determine the skidding/log deck relation, georeferenced points were generated equally spaced every 50 m. In area 1, the Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model and the Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) were compared. In area 2, only the MOEA was considered. In both areas, these models were also compared to the current planning used in the forest management unit. Solutions were then generated to identify the best management alternative. In both areas, the MOEA showed greater efficiency regarding the processing time, as well as the reduction of log decks number and the road sizing. The multi-objective evolutionary approach assists the decision-making process, due to the presentation of alternatives based on Pareto-optimal solutions, making the choice more flexible and well supported.

ANALISA BIAYA PEMANENAN KAYU MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK RIL (Reduced Impact Logging) DI IUPHHK-HA PT. WIJAYA SENTOSA, PAPUA BARAT

The aim of this study is to analyze the cost used of forest harvesting activities which consist of logging, skidding, loading, hauling, and unloading using the Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) technique in the natural forest of PT. Wijaya Sentosa, West Papua. Tools used for this research are stationaries, calculators, and laptop. The data that needs to be collected for cost analysis consists of productivity data as primary data that had taken beforehand, secondary data from the company consist of tree species, tree ages, price of heavy equipment, fuel and lubricant usage data, parts replacement data, and operator wage data. The results obtained from this study are the details of estimated production costs for skidding activities amounting to 101,791 IDR/m3, 5,978 IDR/m3 for loading activities, 3,714 IDR/m3 for unloading activities, and 42,767 IDR/m3 for transportation activities. The total cost of harvesting from logging to transportation is 168,750 IDR/m3.