Kelarutan Lignin Kayu Cepat Tumbuh dalam Ekstraksi Alkali

The dissolution of wood lignin in the alkali solution were analyzed for two fast growing species, sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) dan leda (Eucalyptus deglupta). Wood samples were extracted in 1% sodium hydroxide solution in cold and hot temperatures for 24 and 1 h, respectively. Extractable substances content, permanganate consumption (expressed as assumed lignin content) were analyzed from the filtrates, lignin content and diastereomeric of β-O-4 structure were analyzed from the wood residue after alkali extraction. The extracted substances from both of wood in hot alkali was higher than in cold alkali solution, although the time of cold alkali extraction was much longer that hot alkali extraction. Assumed lignin content in the extract was quite high in both samples which were 34.4-42.9% and 35.5-39.8% including 2,15-2,29% dan 1,04-1,32% of lignin for cold and hot alkali extraction, respectively. The changes in stereo isomeric form, erythro and threo, of β-O-4 structure of lignin in wood residue indicated that partial depolimerization of lignin was takec place during alkali treatment.

Perbandingan Finansial Usaha Budidaya Bambu dan Sengon

Bamboo is proven to provide multi-benefits from the aspects of production, ecology and socio-economic. However, bamboo is still not fully developed. People tend to replace bamboo with wood species which are considered to be more profitable, one of them is sengon. The purpose of this study was to analyze bamboo management practices carried out by farmers and compare between sengon and bamboo cultivation which is more financially profitable. Financial analysis conducted includes: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Analysis of market aspect and social aspect using the Market Analysis and Development (MA&D) method. The sensitivity analysis is carried out on the condition of fixed income while costs increase by 10% and 30% and fixed costs while income rises by 10% and 30%. The analysis included the analysis of market aspect and social aspect. The results of the financial analysis showed that the cultivation of petung bamboo with a spacing of 6x6 meters gave the highest yield with NPV value of IDR330.329.538, BCR 29.10 and IRR of 25.18%. Nevertheless; looking at market and social aspects, bamboo and sengon can be developed in agroforestry to ensure sustainability and continuity of income for farmers. Bamboo and sengon cultivation business is feasible to be conducted because the high demand which cannot be met from the existing sources.

Ketahanan Gubal Jati Hutan Rakyat Diawetkan dengan Senyawa Boron Menggunakan Metode Tekan Lowry terhadap Serangan Rayap Tanah dan Kayu Kering

Nowadays, most of teak wood that available on the market was mainly from comunity forest. Those teak woods were commonly harvested in the early age. The young teak wood from community forests possesses lower proportion of heartwood than sapwood. Those condition was generally had an affect on the wood durability. Although the wood durability was estimated to be low, but the teak wood from community forest was intensively used for furniture and house construction. Therefore, study on the sapwood durability of young teak wood from community forest is necessary. In the present study, the durability of sapwood treated by boron compound (boric acid and borax) as wood preservatives was investigated. The boron concentrations were 5, 7 and 10%. The vacuum process were used to impreg the preservative into the wood specimens called as Lowry method. The efectivity of preservation method were investigated, namely absorption, retention, penetration, efficacy of subterranean and dry-wood termites. The absorption, retention, and penetration of boron compound were 69.10–96.41 kg/m3, 4.53–5.31 kg/m3, and 3.04–3.16 mm, respectively. Absorption, retention, and penetration of preservatives showed an increasing value by increasing the preservatives concentrations, with the highest values were obtained for 10% boron concentration. Graveyard test was used to evaluate the efficacy of boron in teak sapwood to subterranean termites. During 2 months observation, mass loss and degree of wood damage were 0.42-1.37% and 6.31-18.72%. Furthermore, the efficacy of boron was also conducted for dry-wood termites. The mass loss, degree of wood damage, and dry-wood termites mortality after 28 days observation were 1.46-1.67%, 29.45-32.38%, and 87.33-95.33%, respectively. The durability of boron treatened teak sapwood against subterranean and dry-wood termites was increased. The increasing of teak sapwood durability was characterized by reduction of mass loss and degree of wood damage compared to untreated teak sapwood (control).

Smallholders’ Oil Palm Agroforestry: Barriers and Factors Influencing Adoption

Oil palm has become an important export commodity for Indonesia and has been cultivated by both smallholders and large scale companies mainly as monoculture plantations. Research suggests that this massive monoculture practice has led to adverse impacts on natural and social systems. Smallholders encounter difficulties to cope with extreme climate events such as long dry seasons, fluctuating commodity price and long-term tenure insecurity. We argue that oil palm agroforestry (OPAF) could become a promising and realistic alternative to deal with these problems under social forestry (SF) program. To date, OPAF has been adopted by merely small number of smallholders in Indonesia in a limited scale. This article aims at analysing the barriers and factors which influence the decision of smallholders in adopting OPAF. We employ a hybrid method which combines qualitative and quantitative analysis. Binary logistic regression models were constructed to identify factors influencing OPAF adoption. Our findings suggest that education, having side job and relative location of smallholders’ have significantly influenced smallholders’ decision in adopting OPAF. Knowledge gaps especially on the yields and management of OPAF have likely led to low OPAF adoption.

Assessment of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Mitigation among Agrarian Communities in North Kordofan, Sudan

The current study was conducted in Bara Locality- North Kordofan - Sudan to assess climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies among agrarian communities. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected by randomly interviewing 150 respondents from ten villages, using questionnaire. Descriptive statistics in SPSS software package and Microsoft Excel were used for data analysis. Results of study showed that agrarian communities, and due to climate change, have enforced to develop ten adaptation strategies suitable for agriculture in dryland conditions. The most adaptation strategies being used by the agrarian communities, are cultivation in different directions locally Sheraik (77%), sowing before rain locally Ramail (77%) and reducing cultivated area as mentioned by 67% of interviewed respondents. In forests sector, around 65 % of the interviewed respondents have been practiced agro-forestry as an adaptation strategy. The interviewees were also able to figure out 6 possible mitigation strategies to stave off climate change effects. These strategies are for example building capacity of agrarian communities (73%) and provision of early mature, high yielding and drought tolerant crops (63%). The study come out with some suggestions in order to pave the way for policymakers to tailor suitable future interventions to mitigate the impact of climate change among agrarian communities.

Jangka Benah: Alternatif Solusi Persoalan Keterlanjuran Kebun Kelapa Sawit Monokultur di Kawasan Hutan

Pada bulan Februari 2021 Pemerintah telah menerbitkan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Nomor 23 tahun 2021 tentang penyelenggaraan kehutanan dan PP Nomor 24 tahun 2021 tentang tata cara pengenaan sanksi administratif dan tata cara penerimaan negara bukan pajak yang bersal dari denda administratif di bidang kehutanan. Kedua PP tersebut merupakan peraturan turunan untuk sektor kehutanan dari UU Nomor 11 tahun 2021 tentang Cipta Kerja. Pada kedua PP tersebut jangka benah merupakan bagian dari penyelesaian persoalan “keterlanjuran” kebun rakyat dan “tumpang tindih” izin usaha di kawasan hutan. Secara eksplisit hal ini dinyatakan pada PP nomor 23/2021 pasal 82(2) dan pasal 213 serta PP nomor 24/2021 pasal 27(4a) dan pasal 28 (3a). Namun demikian, apakah kedua PP yang sudah ditetapkan ini sudah cukup untuk menjamin implementasi jangka benah yang efektif dalam menyelesaikan persoalan “keterlanjuran” kebun rakyat dan “tumpang tindih” izin usaha di kawasan hutan? Untuk itu, kita perlu melihat terlebih dahulu apa yang dimaksud dengan jangka benah. Jangka benah adalah waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai struktur Hutan dan fungsi ekosistem yang diinginkan sesuai tujuan pengelolaan (Davis et al. 2005). Oleh karena itu implementasi jangka benah perlu memperhatikan tipologi tapak dimana keterlanjuran kebun kebun kelapa sawit tersebut terjadi. Hasil analisis data spasial menunjukkan bahwa terdapat sekita 3,4 juta ha kebun kelapa sawit monokultur di dalam kawasan hutan dimana sekitar 22% dikelola oleh masayarakat dan 78% dikelola oleh korporasi (Auriga 2019). Keterlanjuran tersebut terjadi pada Hutan produksi yang dapat dikonversi (HPK), hutan produksi (HP), hutan produksi terbatas (HPT), hutan lindung (HL) dan Kawasan Suaka Alam atau KSA/PA dimana lebih dari 40% berada pada HP. Luasan sebesar 3,4 juta ha ini mencakup sekitar 21% dari luas total kebun kelapa sawit berdasarkan data Kepmentan Nomor 833 tahun 2019 tentang penetapan luas tutupan kelapa sawit Indonesia tahun 2019. Besarnya luasan dan beragamnya tipologi keterlanjuran kebun rakyat dan tumpang tindih izin usaha di kawasan hutan ini maka implementasi perlu dukungan yang komprehensif dari aspek kebijakan, kelembagaan dan sosio-teknis di tingkat tapak. Pada aspek kebijakan, PP nomor 23/2021 dan PP nomor 24/2021 merupakan payung hukum bagi implementasi jangka benah untuk menyelesaikan persoalan keterlanjuran kebun rakyat dan tumpang tindih izin usaha di kawasan hutan. Saat ini KLHK sedang menyusun rancangan Permen LHK tentang Pengelolaan Perhutanan Sosial dimana pada rancangan Permen LHK tersebut pada BAB VII berisi tentang jangka benah kebun rakyat. Namun demikian, belum ada peraturan untuk implementasi jangka benah pada pelaku usaha yang mengalami tumpang tindih perizinan usaha di kawasan hutan seperti diamanatkan oleh PP nomor 24/2021 pasal 27(4a). Hal ini patut disayangkan karena sebagian besar dari keterlanjuran kebun sawit di kawssan hutan dikelola oleh korporasi. Sehingga perlu disusun peraturan untuk pelaksanaan implementasi jangka benah pada pelaku usaha yang mengalami tumpang tindih perizinan usaha di kawasan hutan. Implementasi jangka benah yang efektif perlu dukungan kelembagaan yang solid di semua level. Pada rancangan Permen LHK tentang Pengelolaan Perhutanan Sosial, pasal 213 telah mengatur tentang dukungan pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah dalam implementasi jangka benah dalam skema Perhutanan Sosial dalam bentuk: (a) bimbingan teknis jangka benah; (b) peningkatan kapasitas sumberdaya manusia; (c) bantuan penyediaan bibit tanaman kehutanan dan (d) monitoring dan evaluasi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka akan diperlukan sumberdaya manusia dan anggaran yang cukup banyak untuk mendukung internalisasi jangka benah dalam perencanaan pengelolaan di tingkat tapak, bimbingan teknis dalam implementasi jangka benah di tingkat tapak serta monitoring dan evaluasi dari implementasi jangka benah tersebut. Kurikulum pelatihan bagi para pengelola kawasan di tingkat tapak dan pendamping lapangan perlu diperkaya dengan materi-materi terkait dengan perencanaan, implementasi dan monitoring serta evaluasi jangka benah. Di samping itu, adopsi jangka benah oleh petani dan para pelaku usaha yang mengalami keterlanjuran menjadi faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan implementasi jangka benah. Proses pengambilan keputusan petani dan pelaku usaha untuk mengadopsi suatu teknologi baru dalam hal ini adalah jangka benah akan dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal meliputi (a) persepsi dan (b) motivasi, sedangkan faktor eksternal meliputi (a) karakteristik rumah tangga, (b) karakteristik biofisik dan (c) dukungan eksternal (Powlen & Jones 2019). Hasil penelitian terhadap persepsi petani tentang agroforestri sawit sebagai salah satu strategi implmentasi jangka benah untuk menyelesaikan keterlanjuran kebun rakyat di kawasan hutan menunjukkan bahwa diperlukan contoh-contoh empiris di lapangan bagaimana jangka benah pada berbagai tipologi dapat diadopsi oleh petani dan pelaku usaha dalam rangka penyelesaian keterlanjuran kebun rakyat dan tumpang tindih izin usaha di kawasan hutan (Susanti et al. 2019). Saat ini sudah dibangun demonstration plot (demplot) implementasi jangka benah yang dibangun oleh Fakultas Kehutanan UGM bekerjasama dengan Yayasan Kehati dan para mitra seluas 67 ha di provinsi Jambi dan 93,1 ha di provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Namun demikian, demplot tersebut hanya mewakili sebagian kecil dari tipologi yang ada. Untuk itu, perlu perluasan demplot jangka benah yang mewakili berbagai tipologi keterlanjuran. Di samping itu, perlu akselerasi produksi dan disseminasi pengetahuan tentang jangka benah terutama terkait dengan aspek sosio-teknis bagi petani dan pelaku usaha yang mengalami keterlanjuran tersebut. Ketersediaan contoh dan informasi tentang jangka benah yang cukup diharapkan akan dapat meningkatkan adopsi jangka benah sebagai salah satu alternatif solusi persoalan keterlanjuran kebun kelapa sawit monokultur di kawasan hutan.

Tingkat Erosi pada Plot Model Arsitektur Pohon Attims (Eucalyptus deglupta), Corner (Arenga pinnata), dan Rauh (Arthocarpus teysmanii)

Tree architecture models and the composition of vegetation types affected surface runoff and erosion rates due to vegetation density and various other morphological and ecological characteristic components. This research purpose was to measure and compare the level of erosion in 3 tree architectural models. The research used the path plots method. The sample pathway was made by cut off contour lines. To measure the erosion rate that occured at the tree architecture model, erosion measuring plots were used in three tree architecture models, namely Attims (Eucalyptus deglupta), Corner (Arenga pinnata), and Rauh (Arthocarpus teysmanii). The results showed that the dominant tree architecture model was the Rauh, Attims, and Corner models. The erosion level which occurred in the three tree architectural models showed that the Attims Eucalyptus deglupta model and Corner Arenga pinnata models were more effective in controlling erosion by 233.55 g/ha/year and 293.10 g/ha/year with rainfall of 493.55 mm compared to Rauh Arthocarpus teysmanii type. The correlation analysis between rainfall and the erosion rate at the three tree architecture models were 80% (very strong) for Attims model, 89% (very strong) for Corner model and 90% (very strong) for Rauh model. To control the erosion the Attims and Corner models are highly recommended as alternatives for rehabilitating the critical land.

An Evaluation of The Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity of Pinus merkusii Bark Ethyl Acetate Extract

Pinus merkusii is the only species in the Pinaceae family to grow in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, and serves as a source of wood and oleoresins. During the utilization of this pine, the bark is discarded as residue, however, this residue is possibly a potential source of antifungal and antioxidant agents, due to the polyphenol contents. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the antifungal and antioxidant compounds present in the bark of P. merkusii. The ethyl acetate extracts of Pinus merkusii were fractionated to obtain five fractions (Fr. A- Fr. E) and the bioactivity of each fraction was observed. Subsequently, the growth inhibition against Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was evaluated for antifungal activity, while DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to ascertain antioxidant activity. According to the GC-MS analysis, the ethyl acetate fractions contain triterpenoids and steroids as the dominant compounds as well as minor amounts of mono-sesquiterpenoids and hydrocarbons. The highest growth inhibition exhibited by Fr. C- Fr. E (>60%) indicates triterpenoids and steroids act as a fungal inhibitors. Meanwhile, the five fractions exhibited low antioxidant activity because the steroids and triterpenoids present are possibly ineffective DPPH inhibitors. Also, the antifungal and antioxidant activity R2 values were discovered to correlate 0.3, indicating a low positive correlation.

Autecology of Begonia in Several Locations of Flores Island

Human activities in forest areas such as over-harvesting of Begonia species without being balanced with their cultivation activities can threaten the existence of Begonia in nature. Autecological studies of species in their natural habitat are the initial activities for the conservation of plant species. The purpose of this study was to study the distribution of Begonia on Flores and environmental/ microclimate characteristics in several locations on Flores Island. The 10x10 m plots were placed with purposive sampling with a minimum interval of 50 m. Multivariate analysis using Canonical Corespondence Analysis (CCA) was employed to determine the effect of microclimatic factors on the composition of vegetation. Begonia kelimutensis is endemic in Kelimutu National Park, Flores lives at an altitude of 1,527 asl, at soil pH 5,8 and soil moisture of 75%, with a slope of 10 ° on the forest floor and light intensity 4,640 klux. In addition, five types of Begonia that we estimate have not been identified and two of them are identified as Begonia sumbawaensis Girm. and Begonia brangbosangensis Girm. Begonia kelimutuensis is distributed at a higher altitude than Begonia brangbosangensis. B. sumbawaensis is influenced by the slope factor while B. longifolia tends to be related to the air humidity factor. B. kelimutuensis is also often found living with Macaranga sp., and Litsea sp. B. brangbosangensis, also found near Homalanthus sp. and Calliandra callothyrsus.

Kontribusi Industri Bambu di Kabupaten Gunungkidul bagi Sumber Penghidupan Para Petani dan Pengrajin

The bamboo industry has a role in the rural economy as a source of livelihood. This research has examined the contribution of bamboo as a raw material for farmers and as a bamboo product for artisan, from the perspective of direct use and income. Through a case study approach to the kitchen equipment industry in Rongkop and durable bamboo in Patuk, a value chain research framework was carried out. Field observations, semi-structured interviews with 40 respondents, and focus group discussions were conducted to obtain primary data, and supported by secondary data from government documents. An analysis of expenditure-income accompanied by a descriptive qualitative analysis is used to explain the practices of these two industries and determine the economic contribution of the bamboo industry to each bamboo farmer and artisan in each chain. The products produced by each actor are allocated more for trade than for domestic use. The economic contribution for bamboo farmers in the durable bamboo chain and kitchen utensils to monthly income above the poverty line ranges between 7,7% - 13,5% and 6,4% - 8,9%, respectively. The economic contribution for artisan in durable bamboo chain and kitchen utensils chain to monthly income above the poverty line ranged between 13,2% -104% and 152% -472% respectively. Only kitchen utensil artisans make their activities in these two chains as the main work, while the other actors do not because the income from their businesses is still incidental.