An intragastric meal releases the putative satiety factor cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) from feline hypothalamic neurons in vivo

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S125
Author(s):  
R.R. SCHICK ◽  
T. L. YAKSH ◽  
V.L.W. Go
Keyword(s):  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Cholecystokinin Octapeptide

Origin of secretory activity of magnocellular hypothalamic neurons in vivo

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (3_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S231-S232
Author(s):  
M. KLEMPT ◽  
F. ELLENDORFF ◽  
R. GROSSMANN
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons

GABA receptors precede glutamate receptors in hypothalamic development; differential regulation by astrocytes

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1473-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Chen ◽  
P. Q. Trombley ◽  
A. N. van den Pol
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Glycine Receptors ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Amino Acid Receptors

1. The developmental changes in gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA)-, glutamate-, and glycine-mediated currents in cultured embryonic neurons (n = 134) from rat hypothalamus were studied with the use of whole cell voltage-clamp recording. 2. GABA-evoked currents were detected in neurons cultured from 15-day embryos (E15) a few hours after plating. Every neuron studied from the time of plating at E15 to 2 wk later responded to GABA (30 microM). The peak and steady-state currents evoked by GABA increased by four- to fivefold within 2 wk in culture. The time constants of the desensitization of GABA currents did not change during this period. The properties of the responses to GABA were not altered by different culture densities or substrates. 3. Glycine activated receptors that were pharmacologically distinct from GABA receptors on hypothalamic neurons. The glycine responses increased by > 50-fold within 2 wk in culture. The percentage of cells responding to glycine (500 microM) was 20% at 0 days in vitro (DIV), and increased to 100% at 6 DIV. Astrocytes increased both the amplitude of glycine-mediated currents and the percentage of cells responding to glycine. 4. Glutamate-mediated currents developed later than GABA-mediated currents. The percentage of cells responding to glutamate (500 microM) increased within the 1st wk, from 20% on the day of plating to 100% after 6 DIV. Both the peak currents and the steady-state currents mediated by glutamate increased by 20-fold during the 2 wk in culture. Both the amplitude of the responses to glutamate and the percentage of cells responding to glutamate were increased by growing neurons either on an astrocyte substrate or in high-density cultures. 5. The currents and conductance changes elicited by GABA were greater than those generated by glutamate or glycine throughout the period examined. This difference was particularly evident in younger cells. After 3 days in vitro, GABA (30 microM) elicited a mean current of 1,648 pA, whereas glutamate (500 microM) only elicited a 266-pA current, and glycine (500 microM) elicited a 278-pA current from neurons growing on an astrocyte layer. 6. The expression of amino acid receptors was heterogeneous among hypothalamic neurons in younger cultures. Whereas all neurons expressed GABA receptors, some developing neurons did not express detectable glutamate receptors or glycine receptors. 7. Each of the three amino acid-evoked currents increased from E15 (1 DIV) to E20 (1 DIV), indicating an intrinsic development in the expression of the amino acid receptors in vivo. The GABA, glutamate, and glycine currents at E15, 10 DIV were similar to the currents at E20, 5 DIV (both 25 days after conception), suggesting parallel developmental patterns for amino acid receptor expression in vitro and in vivo. 8. Together, these data suggest that GABA may play a major role in early development because hypothalamic neurons are more sensitive to GABA than to either glutamate or glycine. However, glutamate and glycine receptors appear more sensitive to regulation by the local environment than GABA receptors because culture density and the astrocyte substrate have greater inductive effects on glutamate and glycine receptors than on GABA receptors.

Effect of sodium valporate on hypothalamic neurons in vivo and in vitro

1981 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Baldino ◽  
Herbert M. Geller
Keyword(s):  
Hypothalamic Neurons

Immortalized neurons for the study of hypothalamic function

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (5) ◽  
pp. R1030-R1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad S. Dalvi ◽  
Anaies Nazarians-Armavil ◽  
Stephanie Tung ◽  
Denise D. Belsham
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Cell Models ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hypothalamic Function

The hypothalamus is a vital part of the central nervous system: it harbors control systems implicated in regulation of a wide range of homeostatic processes, including energy balance and reproduction. Structurally, the hypothalamus is a complex neuroendocrine tissue composed of a multitude of unique neuronal cell types that express a number of neuromodulators, including hormones, classical neurotransmitters, and specific neuropeptides that play a critical role in mediating hypothalamic function. However, neuropeptide and receptor gene expression, second messenger activation, and electrophysiological and secretory properties of these hypothalamic neurons are not yet fully defined, primarily because the heterogeneity and complex neuronal architecture of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus make such studies challenging to perform in vivo. To circumvent this problem, our research group recently generated embryonic- and adult-derived hypothalamic neuronal cell models by utilizing the novel molecular techniques of ciliary neurotrophic factor-induced neurogenesis and SV40 T antigen transfer to primary hypothalamic neuronal cell cultures. Significant research with these cell lines has demonstrated their value as a potential tool for use in molecular genetic analysis of hypothalamic neuronal function. Insights gained from hypothalamic immortalized cells used in conjunction with in vivo models will enhance our understanding of hypothalamic functions such as neurogenesis, neuronal plasticity, glucose sensing, energy homeostasis, circadian rhythms, and reproduction. This review discusses the generation and use of hypothalamic cell models to study mechanisms underlying the function of individual hypothalamic neurons and to gain a more complete understanding of the overall physiology of the hypothalamus.

Effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide on the human gallbladder both in vivo and in vitro

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toku Takahashi ◽  
Takehira Yamamura ◽  
Yoshio Ishikawa ◽  
Masaru Kantoh ◽  
Joji Utsunomiya
Keyword(s):  
Human Gallbladder ◽  
Cholecystokinin Octapeptide

Thermal responses of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons in vivo and in vitro

1988 ◽  
Vol 445 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoko Imai-Matsumura ◽  
Kiyoshu Matsumura ◽  
Ching-Lin Tsai ◽  
Teruo Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Hypothalamic Neurons

Developmental pattern of neurotensin content in rat hypothalamic neurons cultured in serum-free medium: comparison with in vivo data

1994 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Scarcériaux ◽  
D. Pélaprat ◽  
A.M. Lhiaubet ◽  
R.M. Schimpff ◽  
G. Tramu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Pattern ◽  
Serum Free Medium ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Serum Free

scholarly journals Human POMC processing in vitro and in vivo revealed by quantitative peptidomics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kirwan ◽  
Richard Kay ◽  
Bas Brouwers ◽  
Vicente Herranz-Perez ◽  
Magdalena Jura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Human Obesity ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Hypothalamic Tissue ◽  
Human Specific

ABSTRACTHuman obesity can result from the aberrant production or processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in hypothalamic neurons, but it is unclear which human POMC-derived peptides are most relevant to body weight regulation. To address this question, we analysed both hypothalamic neurons derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and primary human hypothalamic tissue using quantitative liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). In both in vitro- and in vivo-derived samples, we found that POMC was processed into β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (β-MSH), whose existence in the human brain has been controversial. β-MSH and desacetyl α-MSH (d-α-MSH) were produced at roughly equimolar concentrations and in vast excess to acetylated α-MSH (5-to 200-fold), suggesting that the importance of both d-α-MSH and β-MSH to human obesity has been underestimated. Since body weight is sensitive to changes in MSH concentration, we asked whether hPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons could provide mechanistic insights into the processing and secretion of MSH peptides. We found that cultured human hypothalamic neurons appropriately trafficked POMC and its derivatives, and robustly (P<0.0001) secreted them when depolarised. Furthermore, the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin significantly (P<0.01) promoted their production of both d-α-MSH and β-MSH. These results establish hPSC-derived hypothalamic neurons as a model system for studying human-specific aspects of POMC processing that might be therapeutically harnessed to treat obesity.

scholarly journals Sexually Dimorphic Effect of Genistein on Hypothalamic Neuronal Differentiation in Vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilena Marraudino ◽  
Alice Farinetti ◽  
Maria-Angeles Arevalo ◽  
Stefano Gotti ◽  
GianCarlo Panzica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Neuronal Cultures ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Antagonists

Developmental actions of estradiol in the hypothalamus are well characterized. This hormone generates sex differences in the development of hypothalamic neuronal circuits controlling neuroendocrine events, feeding, growth, reproduction and behavior. In vitro, estradiol promotes sexually dimorphic effects on hypothalamic neuritogenesis. Previous studies have shown that developmental actions of the phytoestrogen genistein result in permanent sexually dimorphic effects in some behaviors and neural circuits in vivo. In the present study, we have explored if genistein, like estradiol, affects neuritogenesis in primary hypothalamic neurons and investigated the estrogen receptors implicated in this action. Hypothalamic neuronal cultures, obtained from male or female embryonic day 14 (E14) CD1 mice, were treated with genistein (0.1 µM, 0.5 µM or 1 µM) or vehicle. Under basal conditions, female neurons had longer primary neurites, higher number of secondary neurites and higher neuritic arborization compared to male neurons. The treatment with genistein increased neuritic arborization and the number of primary neurites and decreased the number of secondary neurites in female neurons, but not in male neurons. In contrast, genistein resulted in a significant increase in primary neuritic length in male neurons, but not in female neurons. The use of selective estrogen receptor antagonists suggests that estrogen receptor α, estrogen receptor β and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptors are involved in the neuritogenic action of genistein. In summary, these findings indicate that genistein exerts sexually dimorphic actions on the development of hypothalamic neurons, altering the normal pattern of sex differences in neuritogenesis.

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