scholarly journals Algebraic values of sines and cosines and their arguments

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Edmundas Mazėtis ◽  
Grigorijus Melničenko
Keyword(s):  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Trigonometric Functions ◽  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Transcendental Numbers

The article introduces the reader to some amazing properties of trigonometric functions. It turns out that if the values of the arguments of the functions sin x, cos x, tg x and ctg x, expressed in radians, are algebraic numbers, then the values of these functions are transcendental numbers. Hence, it follows that the values of all angles of the pseudo-Heronian triangle, including the values of all angles of the Pythagoras or Heron triangle, expressed in radians, are transcendental numbers. If the arguments of functions sin x and cos x, expressed in radians, are equal to x = r 2 \pi, where r are rational numbers, then the values of the functions are algebraic numbers. It should be noted that in this case the argument x = r 2\pi  is transcendental and, if expressed in degrees, becomes a rational.

An application of the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem to elliptic functions

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Diophantine Equations ◽  
Elliptic Functions ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Number Of Solutions ◽  
Transcendental Numbers ◽  
Linearly Independent ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Effective Proof

Let α1, …, αn be n ≥ 2 algebraic numbers such that log α1,…, log αn and 2πi are linearly independent over the field of rational numbers Q. It is well known (see (6), Ch. 1) that the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem implies that, for each positive number δ, there are only finitely many integers b1,…, bn satisfyingwhere H denotes the maximum of the absolute values of b1, …, bn. However, such an argument cannot provide an explicit upper bound for the solutions of (1), because of the non-effective nature of the theorem of Thue–Siegel–Roth. An effective proof that (1) has only a finite number of solutions was given by Gelfond (6) in the case n = 2, and by Baker(1) for arbitrary n. The work of both these authors is based on arguments from the theory of transcendental numbers. Baker's effective proof of (1) has important applications to other problems in number theory; in particular, it provides an algorithm for solving a wide class of diophantine equations in two variables (2).

scholarly journals All Liouville Numbers are Transcendental

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Artur Korniłowicz ◽  
Adam Naumowicz ◽  
Adam Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Positive Integer ◽  
Diophantine Approximation ◽  
Algebraic Number ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Liouville Number ◽  
Liouville Numbers ◽  
Transcendental Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Domains ◽  
Liouville’S Theorem

Summary In this Mizar article, we complete the formalization of one of the items from Abad and Abad’s challenge list of “Top 100 Theorems” about Liouville numbers and the existence of transcendental numbers. It is item #18 from the “Formalizing 100 Theorems” list maintained by Freek Wiedijk at http://www.cs.ru.nl/F.Wiedijk/100/. Liouville numbers were introduced by Joseph Liouville in 1844 [15] as an example of an object which can be approximated “quite closely” by a sequence of rational numbers. A real number x is a Liouville number iff for every positive integer n, there exist integers p and q such that q > 1 and It is easy to show that all Liouville numbers are irrational. The definition and basic notions are contained in [10], [1], and [12]. Liouvile constant, which is defined formally in [12], is the first explicit transcendental (not algebraic) number, another notable examples are e and π [5], [11], and [4]. Algebraic numbers were formalized with the help of the Mizar system [13] very recently, by Yasushige Watase in [23] and now we expand these techniques into the area of not only pure algebraic domains (as fields, rings and formal polynomials), but also for more settheoretic fields. Finally we show that all Liouville numbers are transcendental, based on Liouville’s theorem on Diophantine approximation.

Series representing transcendental numbers that are not U-numbers

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 869-892
Author(s):  
Emre Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Rational Functions ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Integral Representations ◽  
Binomial Coefficients ◽  
Elementary Functions ◽  
Linear Combinations ◽  
Type Series ◽  
Transcendental Numbers ◽  
Mathematical Constants

Using integral representations with carefully chosen rational functions as integrands, we find new families of transcendental numbers that are not U-numbers, according to Mahler's classification, represented by a series whose terms involve rising factorials and reciprocals of binomial coefficients analogous to Apéry type series. Explicit descriptions of these numbers are given as linear combinations with coefficients lying in a suitable real algebraic extension of rational numbers using elementary functions evaluated at arguments belonging to the same field. In this way, concrete examples of transcendental numbers which can be expressed as combinations of classical mathematical constants such as π and Baker periods are given together with upper bounds on their wn measures.

scholarly journals The Completed Finite Period Map and Galois Theory of Supercongruences

2018 ◽  
Vol 2019 (23) ◽  
pp. 7379-7405
Author(s):  
Julian Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Number ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Galois Theory ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Multiple Zeta Values ◽  
Period Map ◽  
Transcendental Numbers ◽  
Multiple Zeta ◽  
Zeta Values ◽  
Finite Period

Abstract A period is a complex number arising as the integral of a rational function with algebraic number coefficients over a region cut out by finitely many inequalities between polynomials with rational coefficients. Although periods are typically transcendental numbers, there is a conjectural Galois theory of periods coming from the theory of motives. This paper formalizes an analogy between a class of periods called multiple zeta values and congruences for rational numbers modulo prime powers (called supercongruences). We construct an analog of the motivic period map in the setting of supercongruences and use it to define a Galois theory of supercongruences. We describe an algorithm using our period map to find and prove supercongruences, and we provide software implementing the algorithm.

scholarly journals The joint universality and the functional independence for Lerch zeta-functions

2000 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 211-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antanas Laurinčikas ◽  
Kohji Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Functions ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Joint Universality ◽  
Universality Theorem ◽  
Transcendental Numbers ◽  
Joint Universality Theorem

The joint universality theorem for Lerch zeta-functions L(λl, αl, s) (1 ≤ l ≤ n) is proved, in the case when λls are rational numbers and αls are transcendental numbers. The case n = 1 was known before ([12]); the rationality of λls is used to establish the theorem for the “joint” case n ≥ 2. As a corollary, the joint functional independence for those functions is shown.

New Books

1932 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-241
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Elementary Mathematics ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
High School Teacher ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Transcendental Numbers

It is a trite and rather patronizing statement that a certain book should be read by every high school teacher. If it were to be used at all, however, it might be used in connection with Professor Bell's charming little work, which came out a few months ago. It is a combination of historical information and material to show the nature of the various branches of elementary mathematics, with some excursions into such fields as complex numbers, transformations, groups, algebraic numbers, transcendental numbers, and the infinite in mathematics. It begins with a treatment of the purposes of mathematics, and ends with a reference to some of the prominent theories of the last quarter of a century. It allows the reader to find out without undue difficulty the nature and bases of the postulates of mathematics, the development of the underlying rules of the science, the significance of invariants and projections, and the nature of geometry as considered by mathematics of the present day.

scholarly journals Ubiquity and large intersections properties under digit frequencies constraints

2008 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIEN BARRAL ◽  
STÉPHANE SEURET
Keyword(s):  
Hausdorff Dimension ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Intersection Property ◽  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Countable Intersection ◽  
The Real ◽  
Large Intersection ◽  
Digit Frequencies

AbstractWe are interested in two properties of real numbers: the first one is the property of being well-approximated by some dense family of real numbers {xn}n≥1, such as rational numbers and more generally algebraic numbers, and the second one is the property of having given digit frequencies in some b-adic expansion.We combine these two ways of classifying the real numbers, in order to provide a finer classification. We exhibit sets S of points x which are approximated at a given rate by some of the {xn}n, those xn being selected according to their digit frequencies. We compute the Hausdorff dimension of any countable intersection of such sets S, and prove that these sets enjoy the so-called large intersection property.

scholarly journals On Closure Properties of Irrational and Transcendental Numbers under Addition and Multiplication

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekh Zahid ◽  
Prasanta Ray
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Undergraduate Mathematics ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Closure Properties ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Irrational Numbers ◽  
Transcendental Numbers ◽  
Dedekind Cuts ◽  
Mathematics Research

In the article 'There are Truth and Beauty in Undergraduate Mathematics Research’, the author posted a problem regarding the closure properties of irrational and transcendental numbers under addition and multiplication. In this study, we investigate the problem using elementary mathematical methods and provide a new approach to the closure properties of irrational numbers. Further, we also study the closure properties of transcendental numbers. KEYWORDS: Irrational numbers; Transcendental numbers; Dedekind cuts; Algebraic numbers

scholarly journals SIMULTANEOUS APPROXIMATION BY CONJUGATE ALGEBRAIC NUMBERS IN FIELDS OF TRANSCENDENCE DEGREE ONE

2005 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 357-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAMIEN ROY
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Approximation ◽  
Transcendence Degree ◽  
Algebraic Numbers ◽  
Bounded Degree ◽  
Root Of Unity ◽  
Transcendental Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Difference ◽  
Conjugate Algebraic Numbers ◽  
The Given ◽  
Real Complex

We present a general result of simultaneous approximation to several transcendental real, complex or p-adic numbers ξ1, …, ξt by conjugate algebraic numbers of bounded degree over ℚ, provided that the given transcendental numbers ξ1, …, ξt generate over ℚ a field of transcendence degree one. We provide sharper estimates for example when ξ1, …, ξt form an arithmetic progression with non-zero algebraic difference, or a geometric progression with non-zero algebraic ratio different from a root of unity. In this case, we also obtain by duality a version of Gel'fond's transcendence criterion expressed in terms of polynomials of bounded degree taking small values at ξ1, …, ξt.

Algorithmes des fractions continues et de Jacobi-Perron

1996 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Adam ◽  
Georges Rhin
Keyword(s):  
Continued Fraction ◽  
Rational Numbers ◽  
Algebraic Numbers

We give an algorithm by which one can compute, using only rational numbers, the continued fraction and more generally the Jacobi-Perron algorithm expansion of real algebraic numbers.

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