Tap Water Scald Burns in Children, by K. W. Feldman, R. T. Schaller, J. A. Feldman, and M. McMillon,Pediatrics, 1978;62:1–7

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 102 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 256-258
Author(s):  
Frederick P. Rivara
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Household Water

Tap water scald burns account for 7% to 17% of all childhood scald burns that require hospitalization. Often the burns are severe and disabling. Toddlers and preschool children are the most frequent victims. In 45% of the injuries, the unsupervised victim or peer turned on the tap water; in 28% the cause was abuse. Eighty percent of the homes tested had unsafe bathtub water temperatures of 54°C (130°F) or higher, exposing the occupants to the risk of full-thickness scald with <30-second exposure to hot water. Such burns may be prevented passively by limiting household water temperatures to <52°C (125°F). New water heaters could be preset at this temperature, and families could be taught to turn down the temperature on existing units.

Tap Water Scald Burns in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Feldman ◽  
Robert T. Schaller ◽  
Jane A. Feldman ◽  
Mollie McMillon
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Household Water

Tap water scald burns account for 7% to 17% of all childhood scald burns that require hospitalization. Often the burns are severe and disabling. Toddlers and preschool children are the most frequent victims. In 45% of the injuries, the unsupervised victim or a peer turned on the tap water; in 28% the cause was abuse. Eighty percent of the homes tested had unsafe bathtub water temperatures of 54 C (130 F) or greater, exposing the occupants to the risk of full-thickness scalds with 30-second exposure to hot water. Such burns may be prevented passively by limiting household water temperatures to less than 52 C (125 F). New water heaters could be preset at this temperature and families could be taught to turn down the temperature on existing units.

Help Needed on Hot Water Burns

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH W. FELDMAN
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Consumer Product ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
Consumer Product Safety ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
The Us

To the Editor.— Tap water scald burns present a serious, yet highly preventable, injury to children. They can be most easily prevented by reduction of home water heater temperature to safe levels. In order to protect a maximum number of children, efforts have been made to convince the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to modify water heater industry policy. In February 1981, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission rejected a petition requesting a maximum setting of 130°F on new water heaters for home use.

Experimental estimation of the efficiency of removing residual amounts of antibiotics and steroid hormones from water with home water purification systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Ю.А. Ремизова ◽  
А.П. Голованова ◽  
Д.А. Рудакова ◽  
А.Г. Митилинеос
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pharmaceutical Compounds ◽  
Model Solution ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Water Purification System ◽  
Purification System ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Purification Methods

Для удаления остаточных количеств фармацевтических соединений, присутствующих в питьевой воде, на всех этапах водоподготовки могут применяться разнообразные способы очистки, основанные на различных физико-химических принципах. В работе приведены результаты экспериментального исследования эффективности удаления с помощью бытовой стационарной системы водоочистки остаточных количеств фармацевтических препаратов – антибиотика левомицетина (хлорамфеникола) и стероидного гормона эстрона – из модельного раствора, приготовленного на основе водопроводной воды с добавлением лекарственных препаратов. Показано, что бытовая система водоочистки обладает способностью существенно снижать остаточные концентрации фармацевтических препаратов левомицетина и эстрона на всем протяжении заявленного производителем ресурса. В секторе бытовой водоочистки установки адсорбционного типа по-прежнему остаются наиболее востребованным типом водоочистных систем, обеспечивающих высокую эффективность удаления различных загрязнителей при минимальных капитальных затратах. To remove residual amounts of pharmaceutical compounds present in drinking water, a variety of purification methods based on various physicochemical principles can be used at all stages of water treatment. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the efficiency of removing residual concentrations of pharmaceuticals – laevomycetin antibiotic (chloramphenicol) and estrone steroid hormone – from a model solution prepared on the basis of tap water with the addition of drugs, using a home fixed water purification system. It is shown that the home water purification system provides for the significant reduction of residual concentrations of chloramphenicol and estrone throughout the service life declared by the manufacturer. In the household water purification sector, adsorption-type units are still the most in-demand type of water purification systems that provide for the high efficiency in removing various pollutants with minimal capital costs.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Mixing in a Hot-Water Storage Tank

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aviv ◽  
Y. Blyakhman ◽  
O. Beeri ◽  
G. Ziskind ◽  
R. Letan
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Software Validation ◽  
Water Storage Tank ◽  
Thermal Mixing ◽  
Numerical Investigations

Thermal mixing and stratification are explored numerically and experimentally in a cylindrical tank, which simulates a storage of water heated by a solar collector. The tank is 70cm in height and 24cm in diameter. The inlet and outlet are vertical and located off the centerline of the tank. The study is conducted in a transient mode, namely, the tank is filled with hot water, and as the hot water is being withdrawn, the tap water replaces it in a stratified way or by mixing. The flowrates of 2l∕min, 3l∕min, 5l∕min and 7l∕min, which correspond to superficial velocities of 4.35cm∕min, 6.52cm∕min, 10.87cm∕min, and 15.2cm∕min, are explored. Temperature of hot water ranges within 40–50°C, while the tap water is about 25–27°C. Installation of one and two horizontal baffles above the inlet is examined. Simultaneous experimental and numerical investigations are performed. In the experiment, both flow visualization and temperature measurements are used. Three-dimensional transient numerical simulations are done using the FLUENT 6 software. Validation of the numerical model is achieved by comparison with the experimental results. Then, the numerical model is applied to a study of various possible changes in the system. The results show that at low flowrates, up to a superficial velocity of about 11cm∕min through the tank, the baffles have no effect on tap water mixing with the stored hot water. At higher flowrates, a single horizontal baffle prevents the mixing and preserves the desired stratified temperature distribution in the storage tank.

scholarly journals Assessment and Modeling of Household-Scale Solar Water Heater Application in Zambia: Technical, Environmental, and Energy Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mehdi Jahangiri ◽  
Esther T. Akinlabi ◽  
Sam M. Sichilalu
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Solar Water Heaters

Solar water heaters (SWHs) are one of the most effective plans for general and easy use of solar energy to supply hot water in domestic and industrial sectors. This paper gives the first-ever attempts to assess the optimal localization of SWHs across 22 major cities in Zambia, as well as determine the possibility of hot water generation and model the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission saving. The climate data used is extracted by using the MeteoSyn software which is modeled in TSOL™. Results show the high potential of GHG emission reduction due to nonconsumption of fossil fuels owing to the deployment of SWHs, and three cities Kabwe, Chipata, and Mbala had the highest GHG mitigation by 1552.97 kg/y, 1394.8 kg/y, and 1321.39 kg/y, respectively. On average, SWHs provide 62.47% of space heating and 96.05% of the sanitary hot water requirement of consumers. The findings have shown the potential for the deployment of SWHs in Zambia. The techno-enviro study in this paper can be used by the policymakers of Zambia and countries with similar climates.

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