scholarly journals Neurophysiological mechanisms of formation of non-chemical dependence through self-stimulation of positive emotiogenic areas of rats’ brains

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. G. Berchenko ◽  
D. O. Bevzyuk ◽  
N. O. Levicheva ◽  
S. P. Koladko
Keyword(s):  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Paroxysmal Activity ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Theta Range

The aim of our research was to study the limbic-neocortical mechanisms of addictive behaviour in rats formed throughthe arousal of intense emotions on the model of self-stimulation reaction of the brain. We carried out investigations by conducting a chronic experiment on 15 nonlinear laboratory male rats weighing 250 to 320 grams, at the ages of 5 to 6 months. As a model of receiving positive emotions we used the behaviour of animals held in a Skinner box which was formed through self stimulation of the positive emotional zones of the posterior ventrolateral hypothalamus. We registered the frequency of self-stimulation reactions of the ventrolateral hypothalamus daily for 4 days and on the 7th day after its ccessation (state of deprivation). We performed visual and spectral analysis of the electrical activity of the brain using "Neuron-spektr.net" software. We assessed the absolute spectral density of the power of rhythm signals of the following frequency bands: delta (0.5–4.0 Hz), theta (4.0–7.0 Hz), alpha (8.0–12.0 Hz) and low frequency beta (14.0–20.0 Hz). The formation of behaviour dependent on receiving intense emotions as a result of self-stimulation of the positive zones of the ventrolateral hypothalamus is caused by the initial high level of need for positive emotional reinforcement and further growth in the implementation of desire and is associated with activation of emotional memory mechanisms, changes in electrogenesis in the hippocampus and the reticular formation in the form of decrease in the spectral power of rhythms of alpha and beta bands and increased spectral power of biopotentials of the delta range in the hippocampus and theta range in the reticular formation with severe manifestations of seizure and paroxysmal activity components and increased activity of the sympatho-adrenal system. The syndrome of withdrawal fromthe receiving of positive emotions in some rats with implementation of a programme of a phobic character with an increase in beta rhythms in all thestudied structures, and among other rats with implementation of a programme of an aggressive character, which was characterized by increased electrical seizure activity in the hippocampus, is caused by oppression of electrogenesis in the hypothalmus and replacement of slow wave activity in the reticular formation at high frequency rhythms in the alpha-theta range. 

scholarly journals Antagonism between brain regions relevant for cognitive control and emotional memory facilitates the generation of humorous ideas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Bitsch ◽  
Philipp Berger ◽  
Andreas Fink ◽  
Arne Nagels ◽  
Benjamin Straube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Frontal Brain ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe ability to generate humor gives rise to positive emotions and thus facilitate the successful resolution of adversity. Although there is consensus that inhibitory processes might be related to broaden the way of thinking, the neural underpinnings of these mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a humorous alternative uses task and a stroop task, to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying the emergence of humorous ideas in 24 subjects. Neuroimaging results indicate that greater cognitive control abilities are associated with increased activation in the amygdala, the hippocampus and the superior and medial frontal gyrus during the generation of humorous ideas. Examining the neural mechanisms more closely shows that the hypoactivation of frontal brain regions is associated with an hyperactivation in the amygdala and vice versa. This antagonistic connectivity is concurrently linked with an increased number of humorous ideas and enhanced amygdala responses during the task. Our data therefore suggests that a neural antagonism previously related to the emergence and regulation of negative affective responses, is linked with the generation of emotionally positive ideas and may represent an important neural pathway supporting mental health.

Monopolar and bipolar stimulation of the brain

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stark ◽  
Giovanni Fazio ◽  
Eugene S. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Bipolar Electrode ◽  
Wire Electrode ◽  
Bipolar Stimulation ◽  
Monopolar Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Experiments ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Rate Of Response ◽  
Stimulation Of

Intracranial self-stimulation experiments in the dog using a two-wire electrode, with each wire used as a monopolar electrode and the combination as a bipolar electrode, show that monopolar stimulation may produce either a higher or a lower rate of response than that produced by bipolar stimulation. A theoretical consideration of the changes in current density around the electrode when it is changed from a monopolar to a bipolar electrode shows that such differences are to be expected. The exact location of the structure being stimulated with reference to the two electrode tips will determine whether the structure is subjected to a higher current density on monopolar or on bipolar stimulation.

scholarly journals Behavioral and EEG reactions in primary school-aged children to emotionally colored verbal stimuli with the condition of their own or forced choice

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Aiusheeva ◽  
A.E. Saprygin ◽  
A.N. Savostyanov ◽  
V.V. Stеpanova
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Theta Range

The aim of the study is to compare behavioral and EEG reactions of primary school-aged children during the recognition of syntactic errors in emotionally (positively or negatively) colored sentences that appeal to the choice of the child differently. 20 children (mean age 9,0±0,3 years, 12 boys, 8 girls) were examined. We found out that the children with a high quality of solving a linguistic task concentrate all their attention on finding an error in the sentences, and children with a low quality of solving a task demonstrate increased emotionality, possibly connected with their unsuccessfulness. The strongest EEG reactions in the ranges of alpha- and theta- rhythms were recorded in children with slow speed and bad quality of the solution of the task. The recognition of sentences with negative emotions took longer than sentences with positive emotions. The increase of emotions (synchronization in theta range) during the recognition of negative sentences was provoked by the expectation of failure and “identification” with it. The children found the mistake better in the sentences with their own choice than in the sentences that describes the forced-choice situation. Desynchronization (i.e. decrease in the spectral power) and synchronization (i.e. increase in spectral power) was detected on the EEG in the alpha-rhythm range. Desynchronization was associated with the recognition of sentences describing the children’s own choice; synchronization was recorded when recognizing sentences describing the forced-choice situation.

Liberation of antidiuretic hormone: location of ascending pathways

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott Mills ◽  
S. C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Medial Lemniscus ◽  
Water Diuresis ◽  
Ascending Pathways ◽  
Central Tegmental Tract ◽  
Central Gray ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Water diuresis was established and maintained in dogs anesthetized with chloralose. Both ureters were cannulated and a continuous recording of urine flow obtained. Antidiuretic responses (equivalent to 5–10 mU total dose of arginine vasopressin iv) were obtained from stimulation of the central end of a vagus or ulnar nerve and from certain reactive areas in the medulla, pons, and midbrain. In the medulla, responses were frequently obtained from the area of the tractus solitarius and from many points in the lateral reticular formation. In the pons, responses were elicited from the medial portion of the central gray and from the lateral reticular formation. The area of the medial lemniscus was not responsive. At levels rostral to the inferior colliculus, the reactive area was limited to the area of the central tegmental tract and the periaqueductal gray. The evidence suggests that impulses from the visceral and somatic afferent systems mediating ADH release ascend through the brain stem over an extralemniscal pathway. The mammillary peduncle does not appear to be part of the ascending pathway mediating ADH release; rather, impulses may reach the hypothalamus through a relay in the thalamus as well as by relay over the periventricular system of Schütz.

Features of the involvement of the dopamine and serotonin brain systems in positive and negative emotional states in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Eugenii R. Bychkov ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Nikolai S. Efimov ◽  
Artyem S. Kryukov ◽  
Inessa V. Karpova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Aversive Stimulation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The aim was to study the effect of rewarding and aversive stimulation of lateral hypothalamus on the turnover of monoamines in the terminal structures of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal systems: the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum (St). The Wistar male rats were implanted electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus and further trained in self-stimulation test. Animals were also selected on aversive emotional reactions were observed after pressing the pedal for self-stimulation. Subsequently, forced stimulation was performed for 5 minutes and the animals were decapitated. The content of norepinephrine, dopamine (DA) and its metabolites 3,4-dioxiphenylacetic acid (DOPАС) and homovanilinic acid, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the nucleus accumbens and striatum were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Positive and aversive stimulation of lateral hypothalamus decreased the level of DA in the NAc, however, only stimulation of the positive emotiogenic zone increased the DA and 5-HT turnover in the NAc, as evidenced by an increase in the DOPАС/DA and 5-HIAA/SER ratios, respectively. Rewarding and aversive stimulation decreased the level of 5-HT in St, however, only rewarding stimulation decreased the St level of 5-HIAA compared to control and animals with aversive stimulation. Rewarding stimulation increased the turnover of serotonin in St, as evidenced by the increase of 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios. The activity of the noradrenergic system did not change after rewarding and aversive stimulation. Thus, both rewarding and aversive electrical stimulation increases the turnover of DA and 5-HT in NAc and St. However, these changes are more significant after rewarding stimulation. DA turnover increases more in NAc, and 5-HT turnover in St. The data obtained indicate the specificity of the dopaminergic and serotonergic involvement for the formation of a modality of emotional reactions. Data may provide guidance for developing treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric diseases related to the malfunction of the reward system.

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