Establishing a Quantitative Relationship Between Harmonic Signals and Damage in Interconnects

1996 ◽  
Vol 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingzhe Wen ◽  
David R. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Joule Heating ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
Resistance Method ◽  
Harmonic Signals ◽  
Ac Current ◽  
Harmonic Voltage ◽  
Dc Bias

AbstractWhen a metal conductor is driven by an AC current of frequency ω, its resistance will vary at a frequency 2ω, and a third harmonic voltage will be generated. If the conductor is also under a DC bias, a second harmonic voltage will arise as well. The magnitude of these harmonic voltages increases with damage because of nonlinear increases in the resistance caused by localized Joule heating. We use the harmonic technique to evaluate the damage in metal lines. The correlation between deliberately introduced defects of different sizes and the amplitude of the harmonic voltages has been studied experimentally. The harmonic technique shows higher damage sensitivity than the commonly used resistance method. Additionally, it has a better rejection to noise and resistance drifting.

High-power ultrafast thin-disk multipass amplifiers for efficient laser-based manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwan Abdou Ahmed ◽  
Christoph Roecker ◽  
André Loescher ◽  
Florian Bienert ◽  
Daniel Holder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Generation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Third Harmonic Generation ◽  
Thin Disk ◽  
Ultrafast Laser ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
Laser Systems

Abstract Thin-disk multipass amplifiers represent one of the most powerful approaches to scale the average and peak powers of ultrafast laser systems. The present paper presents the amplification of picosecond and femtosecond pulses to average powers exceeding 2 and 1 kW, respectively. Second-harmonic generation in lithium-triborate crystals with powers higher than 1.4 kW and 400 W at a wavelength of 515 nm with picosecond and femtosecond pulse durations, respectively, are also reported. Furthermore, third-harmonic generation was demonstrated with output powers exceeding 250 W at a wavelength of 343 nm. Finally, processing of silicon, metals, and polycrystalline diamond with fs pulses at an average power of 1 kW is presented to demonstrate removal rates that are improved by orders of magnitude as compared to state-of-the-art techniques.

scholarly journals Multiphoton Microscopy for Ophthalmic Imaging

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Gibson ◽  
Omid Masihzadeh ◽  
Tim C. Lei ◽  
David A. Ammar ◽  
Malik Y. Kahook
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Generation ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Multiphoton Microscopy ◽  
Tissue Imaging ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Ophthalmic Imaging ◽  
Anti Stokes

We review multiphoton microscopy (MPM) including two-photon autofluorescence (2PAF), second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), fluorescence lifetime (FLIM), and coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) with relevance to clinical applications in ophthalmology. The different imaging modalities are discussed highlighting the particular strength that each has for functional tissue imaging. MPM is compared with current clinical ophthalmological imaging techniques such as reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence imaging. In addition, we discuss the future prospects for MPM in disease detection and clinical monitoring of disease progression, understanding fundamental disease mechanisms, and real-time monitoring of drug delivery.

Enhanced second harmonic generation in individual barium titanate nanoparticles driven by Mie resonances

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 4810-4819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Churong Ma ◽  
Jiahao Yan ◽  
Yuming Wei ◽  
Pu Liu ◽  
Guowei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Barium Titanate ◽  
Harmonic Generation ◽  
Joule Heating ◽  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Plasmonic Nanostructures ◽  
Ohmic Loss ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Barium Titanate Nanoparticles

Although previous designs of nonlinear optical (NLO) nanostructures have focused on photonic crystals and metal plasmonic nanostructures, complex structures, large ohmic loss, and Joule heating greatly hinder their practical applications.

scholarly journals Shock impedance matching experiments in foam-solid targets and implications for “foam buffered ICF”

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. NAZAROV ◽  
D. BATANI ◽  
A. MASINI ◽  
A. BENUZZI ◽  
M. KOENIG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streak Camera ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Impedance Matching ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Phase Zone ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
Shock Impedance ◽  
Al Foam ◽  
Pulse Energies ◽  
Mismatch Effect

We studied the influence of foams on laser produced shocks. Experiments were performed at LULI using a Nd laser converted to second harmonic, and at MPQ (Max Planck Institut für Quantenoptik) using the iodine Asterix laser converted to third harmonic. In both cases, sub-ns lasers with pulse energies of several tens of joules were focused on large focal spots (hundreds of microns) to reduce 2D effects. The laser beams were optically smoothed with phase zone plates (PZP) and directly focused on layered targets made of a foam layer on the laser side and a stepped Al layer on the other side. A visible streak camera was used to detect shock breakthrough at the base and at the step of the Al target, allowing shock velocity to be determined. Using the well known SESAME Al equation of state, we determined shock pressure. A stronger pressure increase was measured when foam was present, compared to what was obtained by focusing the laser beam directly on the Al target. This was due to the impedance mismatch effect at the Al-foam interface.

Dependence of induced third harmonic voltage on width of superconducting coated conductor

2004 ◽  
Vol 412-414 ◽  
pp. 1011-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nadami ◽  
E.S. Otabe ◽  
M. Kiuchi ◽  
T. Matsushita
Keyword(s):  
Coated Conductor ◽  
Third Harmonic ◽  
Harmonic Voltage
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