CONTENTS OF THYROID HORMONES, CYTOKINES AND α2-MACROGLOBULIN IN BLOOD SERA AND IN CULTURE SUPERNATES OF BLOOD CELLS FROM THE GRAVES DISEASE PATIENTS

Graves’ disease is the commonest form of hyperthyroidism in which excessive production of thyroid hormones by the hyperplastic overactive thyroid gland produces elevated serum levels of the thyroid hormones tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Many of the manifestations of Graves’ disease, increased basal metabolic rate, increased heart rate, heat intolerance, sweating and nervousness, can be attributed to the peripheral actions of the excess thyroid hormones. The pathogenesis of many of the other dramatic features of Graves’ disease, such as the eye involvement or localized skin changes, is not fully understood, but circulating immunoglobulins with thyroid stimulating activity are almost certainly linked to excess thyroid hormone production and thereby cause the hyperthyroidism.

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A Case of Thyrotoxicosis due to Simultaneous Occurrence of Subacute Thyroiditis and Graves’ Disease

Case Reports in Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2018/3210317 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Kazunori Kageyama ◽

Noriko Kinoshita ◽

Makoto Daimon

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Thyroid Disease ◽

Rare Case ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Subacute Thyroiditis ◽

Simultaneous Occurrence ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Inflammatory Disorder ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Prompt Diagnosis

Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory disorder of the thyroid. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune thyroid disease in which thyroid hormones are overproduced. Here we present a rare case of thyrotoxicosis due to the simultaneous occurrence of both diseases. Prompt diagnosis and therapy are required to prevent complications in patients with thyrotoxicosis.

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Thyrotoxicosis treatment with lithium corbanate. Cases reported

Clinical and experimental thyroidology ◽

10.14341/ket12709 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 22-26

Author(s):

I. A. Matsueva ◽

A. B. Dalmatova ◽

T. V. Andreychenko ◽

E. N. Grineva

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Toxic Hepatitis ◽

Lithium Carbonate ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Allergic Reactions ◽

Low Doses ◽

Short Course ◽

Toxic Goiter

Treatment of thyrotoxicosis caused by Graves’ disease or multinodular toxic goiter, is not difficult, in most cases, since the prescription of thionamides allows to normalize the level of thyroid hormones quickly and safety. But in a number of cases this therapy might be associated with serious side effects (agranulocytosis, toxic hepatitis, cholestasis), severe allergic reactions and also individual intolerance on thionamides. In such cases lithium carbonate is used, especially in severe thyrotoxic syndrome. It is known, that lithium can accumulate in the thyroid gland at a concentration 3–4 times higher than in the plasma. Perhaps, lithium uses Na+/I- ions. It can inhibit the synthesis and secretion thyroid hormones of thyroid gland. The article presents the cases reported the use of lithium carbonate in thyrotoxicosis treatment before thyroidectomy. Administering low doses of carbonate lithium (900 mg/ per day) renders significant decrease or normalization of thyroid hormones concentration within 7–14 days, thus it let perform thyroidectomy on the patients. No side effects have been identified with such a short course of lithium carbonate treatment.

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Thyroid Hormones, Their Carrier Proteins, and Thyroid Antibodies in the Pleural Effusion of Two Patients with Graves' Disease-induced Thyrotoxicosis

Endocrine Research ◽

10.3109/07435800.2010.507734 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 183-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hiroyuki Kinoshita ◽

Mutsuko Yasuda ◽

Shingo Kaneko ◽

Ryo Usui ◽

Seiji Inoshita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pleural Effusion ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Thyroid Antibodies ◽

Carrier Proteins

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Graves' Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi32.11-12.1992.327-31 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (11-12) ◽

pp. 327-31

Author(s):

M. Suttan Assin ◽

Jusuf Rukman ◽

Jose R. L. Batubara ◽

Purnama Wati S. P.

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Hyperthyroid Patient ◽

Hyperthyroid State

Thyroid hormones play an important role in the metabolic propesses. Its disturbances will involve several organs, consequently. A 5 year old girl with Graves' diseases, after several weeks of treatment with propylthiouracil (PTV), developed thyrotoxicosis crisis and diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis; a condition which is usually fatal. Treatment toward the hyperthyroid state overcome the diabetic stage, eventually. This report is an example of an endocrinological interaction in a hyperthyroid patient. Therefore, the diabetogenic effect of hyperthyroxinemia should not be overlooked.

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Resistance to thyroid hormones. A disorder frequently confused with Graves' disease

Archives of Internal Medicine ◽

10.1001/archinte.142.10.1867 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 142 (10) ◽

pp. 1867-1871 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. P. Bantle

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Resistance To Thyroid Hormones

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Autoantibodies to thyroxin and triiodothyronine in the immunoglobulin G fraction of serum.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/34.12.2561 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 34 (12) ◽

pp. 2561-2562 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

L Li Calzi ◽

S Benvenga ◽

S Battiato ◽

F Santini ◽

F Trimarchi

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormone ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Human Serum ◽

Immunoglobulin G ◽

Subacute Thyroiditis ◽

Total Serum ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Carrier Proteins ◽

Weak Binding ◽

Idiopathic Myxedema

Abstract Thyroid hormone antibodies (THAbs)--i.e., antibodies to thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)--are detected rarely in human serum, where they are searched for, possibly because of a quantitatively minimal interaction between thyroid hormones (the haptens) and serum IgGs (the antibodies). The weak binding could result from these facts: (a) there are already six physiological carrier proteins for thyroid hormones; (b) THAbs usually account for a very small fraction of the total serum IgGs; (c) THAbs may have--as reported in the literature--a relatively low affinity. To ascertain whether THAbs could pass undetected in serum, we measured antibodies to T3 and T4 in both the serum and the corresponding IgG fraction of six normal persons and 45 patients with various thyroid diseases (Graves' disease, idiopathic myxedema, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, tumors), using radioimmunoprecipitation. The prevalence of antibodies to T4 was 0/51 in both the sera and the IgG fractions; the prevalence of antibodies to T3 was 1/51 in both materials. Because all of the sera that tested THAb negative were confirmed to be so in the THAb assay of the IgG fraction, we conclude that the prevalence of serum THAbs is not underestimated and that autoimmunization against thyroid hormones is really a rare phenomenon.

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Neonates Born to Mothers with Graves’ Disease: 15 Year Experience of a Pediatric Endocrinology Department

Acta Médica Portuguesa ◽

10.20344/amp.12279 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (7-8) ◽

pp. 483

Author(s):

Inês Romão Luz ◽

João Rio Martins ◽

Mónica Jerónimo ◽

Joana Serra Caetano ◽

Rita Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Case Series ◽

Function Evaluation ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Thyrotropin Receptor ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Pediatric Endocrinology ◽

Free Thyroid Hormones

Introduction: Graves disease is characterized by the existence of autoantibodies directed to the thyrotropin receptor, which can have a stimulatory/inhibitory action, in women with the condition, their fetus or neonate. Our aim was to review the case series of these neonates in order to establish neonatal thyroid function predictors.Material and Methods: Retrospective cohort study of the database of the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, including patients born to mothers with Graves’ disease, between 2002 and 2017. Clinical and biochemical data were collected from mothers and offspring.Results: Fifty newborns, from 46 women with a median of 3.5 years after diagnosis, were included. During all trimesters of pregnancy, more than half of women had positive autoantibodies directed to the thyrotropin receptor. Not every woman had a complete thyroid function evaluation every trimester. In 32 newborns, cord blood screening was done. During the neonatal period, there were three cases of hypothyroidism and two of hyperthyroidism. The mothers of these five newborns had higher levels of free thyroid hormones during the second trimester (p = 0.03). The level of antibodies directed to the thyrotropin receptor was significantly higher in the cord blood (p = 0.03) and in the first neonatal test (p = 0.03) of these dysthyroid newborns.Discussion: Our results reinforce the need for every pregnant woman with Graves’ disease to be subject to thyroid function and autoantibodies evaluation during every trimester, as well as the importance of evaluating these antibodies in cord blood.Conclusion: High levels of free thyroid hormones during the second trimester of pregnancy and antibodies directed to the thyrotropin receptor value in cord blood are predictors of dysthyroidism in neonates born from women with Grave’s disease.

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