scholarly journals Source Criticism and the History of Brazilian Foreign Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-208
Author(s):  
Eduardo Uziel ◽  
Norma Breda dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
History Of ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
Historical Methodology

Abstract The article deals with the historical methodology in the field of Brazilian foreign policy, based on reflections on the treatment of primary sources and the lessons of two important historians of antiquity: Moses I. Finley and Arnaldo Momigliano. Without disregarding the inherent temporal differences, it is understood that it is possible to bring contemporary and ancient history closer, as well as to establish a respectful dialogue between them. The article presents a preliminary discussion on the sources for the history of Brazilian foreign policy, followed by a series of analyses and comments on several aspects of the treatment of primary sources: a) the fragmentary nature of sources and the consequences of this; b) the predominance of discursive sources; c) the use of oral history as a supplementary source; and d) the difficulty in establishing a context for document production. Studies related to Brazilian foreign policy towards the Middle East will be used, especially the case of Brazil’s controversial favourable vote on Resolution 3379 (XXX) of the United Nations General Assembly, in 1975, which equated Zionism with racism.

A Paradigm Shift in American Foreign Policy

Worldview ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Petersen Spiro
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Major Change ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
International Diplomacy ◽  
United Nations General Assembly

Human rights is at present a.much discussed issue in American foreign policy. What has not been discussed is the extent to which this represents a major change in American foreign policy. Consider: In 1974 the Secretary of State devoted exactly one sentence to human rights in his speech to the United Nations General Assembly. In 1975 there were four paragraphs of fairly standard rhetoric, apart from the proposal to establish a U.N. study to determine how widely torture was used as an officially sanctioned instrument of government. In addition there was an intimation of change in this sentence: "There is no longer any dispute that international human rights are on the agenda of international diplomacy." Yet there was then no evidence that Secretary Kissinger had changed the approach characterizing his tenure in office; nameiy, that American foreign policy cannot concern itself with the domestic policies of the governments with which it deals, even if they entail gross violations of human rights. We can, he insisted, only use private methods of persuasion and pressure. Foreign policy deals with the foreign policies of governments.

Forty Years of United Nations General Assembly Voting

1990 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
World Politics ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
Un Voting

AbstractStudies of bloc voting in the United Nations have appeared periodically since the early 1960s. This article examines the evolution of UN voting in its first four decades using multidimensional scaling, which is compared to factor analysis and found to be superior for representation and interpretation. UN voting is important for showing how world politics is reflected in that body, hence the frequent use of UN votes as a dependent variable in the analysis of foreign policy behaviour.

scholarly journals An empirical analysis of the EAEU’s voting behavior in the UN General Assembly, 2000–2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatlyk Amanov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the voting behavior of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) to find out their preference similarities on foreign policy issues. Based on a specific data set of UNGA resolutions from 2000 to 2020 and using two different indexes of voting cohesion, the present research addresses two empirically motivated questions: to what extent does the EAEU speak in unison externally in the context of UNGA plenary? And secondly, what was the impact the formation of the EAEU in 2015 had upon common foreign policy? The results reveal that the EAEU scores a “medium” level of cohesion as measured within the UNGA context which may indicate that members oftentimes speak with one voice while defections still occur on controversial votes. Besides, the findings suggest that no meaningful cohesion difference exists between pre- and post-EAEU periods. Finally, the study finds that the Eurasian nations are most cohesive on developmental resolutions, but least cohesive on security and human rights issues as expressed in their recorded voting behavior.

scholarly journals Forty Years of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 (XXX) on Zionism and Racism: the Brazilian Vote as an instance of United States - Brazil Relations

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORMA BREDA DOS SANTOS ◽  
EDUARDO UZIEL
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
General Assembly Resolution ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations

Abstract In 1975, Brazil voted in favor of the United Nations General Assembly resolution 3379 (XXX), equating Zionism with a form of racism. Focusing on the decision-making process of president Ernesto Geisel's (1974-1979) foreign policy, "responsible pragmatism", this article discusses how the ultimate decision to vote in favor of resolution was taken taking into account mainly US-Brazil relationship.

The Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of the use of nuclear weapons

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (316) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric David
Keyword(s):  
International Justice ◽  
World Health ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
United Nations General Assembly ◽  
The Hague

Of the 51 opinions handed down by the Court of the Hague (28 by the Permanent Court of International Justice and 23 by the International Court of Justice), there is little doubt that the two delivered on 8 July 1996 in response to requests submitted by the WHO World Health Assembly and the United Nations General Assembly will become landmarks in the history of the Court, if not in history itself.

scholarly journals Health Diplomacy as an Instrument of Indonesian Foreign Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-91
Author(s):  
Marianne Delanova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Active Role ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Health Diplomacy ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
Foreign Policy Issue ◽  
United Nations General Assembly

Indonesia’s foreign policy is dynamic, especially in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. When Indonesia experienced an increase in COVID-19 cases, it identified it as a foreign policy issue requiring attention. It focused on promoting national health resilience in health care as one way to protect the Indonesian state during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to explain and analyze Indonesia’s health diplomacy as an instrument of Indonesia’s foreign policy in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. It argues that, so far, the results of Indonesia’s health-focused approach are good and in line with Indonesia’s national interests. Indonesia’s active role and involvement in international forums has a diplomatic purpose but has also helped other countries. This indicates that the health diplomacy carried out by Indonesia has had a major impact on regional and global stability. In addition, Indonesia’s health diplomacy has resulted in it receiving assistance in the form of medical devices and vaccines provided by other countries for handling COVID-19 in Indonesia. Indonesia was also the driving force in the initiation in the 75th United Nations General Assembly of measures giving voice to the availability of medical devices and vaccine equality for all countries in the world.

Newton and the Origin of Civilization

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed Z. Buchwald ◽  
Mordechai Feingold
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
One Year ◽  
Radical Ideas

Isaac Newton’s Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended, published in 1728, one year after the great man’s death, unleashed a storm of controversy. And for good reason. The book presents a drastically revised timeline for ancient civilizations, contracting Greek history by five hundred years and Egypt’s by a millennium. This book tells the story of how one of the most celebrated figures in the history of mathematics, optics, and mechanics came to apply his unique ways of thinking to problems of history, theology, and mythology, and of how his radical ideas produced an uproar that reverberated in Europe’s learned circles throughout the eighteenth century and beyond. The book reveals the manner in which Newton strove for nearly half a century to rectify universal history by reading ancient texts through the lens of astronomy, and to create a tight theoretical system for interpreting the evolution of civilization on the basis of population dynamics. It was during Newton’s earliest years at Cambridge that he developed the core of his singular method for generating and working with trustworthy knowledge, which he applied to his study of the past with the same rigor he brought to his work in physics and mathematics. Drawing extensively on Newton’s unpublished papers and a host of other primary sources, the book reconciles Isaac Newton the rational scientist with Newton the natural philosopher, alchemist, theologian, and chronologist of ancient history.

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