AbstractExamination of 122 specimens ofXanthogrammaSchiner, 1861 (Diptera: Syrphidae) from varied localities in Europe (+Turkey) resulted in the description of two new species (X. aeginaeRicarte, Nedeljković, and Vujićnew speciesandX. pilosumNedeljković, Ricarte, and Vujićnew species), as well as new data on six other species. Most of the examined material originated from the Balkan Peninsula and Greek islands. New species concepts were supported by morphological and molecular evidence. Relationships among the eight studied species were analysed and discussed based on the data of nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial (COI) genes sequences. An identification key to the European species ofXanthogrammais provided. Lectotypes are designated forDoros decoratumZetterstedt, 1843,Lasiophthicus novusRondani, 1857,Syrphus laetusFabricius, 1794,Syrphus ornatusMeigen, 1822, andXanthogramma nobilitatumFrey, 1946.