scholarly journals Revisiting Graph Width Measures for CNF-Encodings

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 409-436
Author(s):  
Romain Wallon ◽  
Stefan Mengel
Keyword(s):  
Communication Complexity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Auxiliary Variables ◽  
Design Of Algorithms ◽  
Bounded Treewidth ◽  
Graph Classes ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Bounded Width ◽  
Cnf Formulas

We consider bounded width CNF-formulas where the width is measured by popular graph width measures on graphs associated to CNF-formulas. Such restricted graph classes, in particular those of bounded treewidth, have been extensively studied for their uses in the design of algorithms for various computational problems on CNF-formulas. Here we consider the expressivity of these formulas in the model of clausal encodings with auxiliary variables. We first show that bounding the width for many of the measures from the literature leads to a dramatic loss of expressivity, restricting the formulas to such of low communication complexity. We then show that the width of optimal encodings with respect to different measures is strongly linked: there are two classes of width measures, one containing primal treewidth and the other incidence cliquewidth, such that in each class the width of optimal encodings only differs by constant factors. Moreover, between the two classes the width differs at most by a factor logarithmic in the number of variables. Both these results are in stark contrast to the setting without auxiliary variables where all width measures we consider here differ by more than constant factors and in many cases even by linear factors.

Complete and defective agreement in Kutchi

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-288
Author(s):  
Stefan Keine ◽  
Trupti Nisar ◽  
Rajesh Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Split Ergativity ◽  
Do So

We describe and analyze the previously undocumented verbal agreement system of Kutchi (Indo-Aryan). We argue that Kutchi instantiates a novel type of split ergativity. First, it exhibits an aspect split in that agreement in non-perfective clauses behaves on a par with agreement in intransitive perfective clauses, in stark contrast to transitive perfective clauses. A striking property of Kutchi is that these asymmetries manifest themselves in the richness of agreement. In the former configurations, the verb agrees with the subject for person, number and gender. In the latter, on the other hand, agreement is systematically defective and reliable fails to cross-references certain φ-features. In addition to this aspect split, Kutchi displays a person split: While the verb normally agrees with the subject, it surprisingly fails to do so in transitive perfective clauses with a 1st person subject. Instead, it is the object that triggers agreement in these configurations, likewise in a defective manner. We will argue that these agreement asymmetries are syntactic in nature rather than morphological. Our analysis builds on, and extends, previous work by Laka (2006) and Coon (2010).

What Results from Resultant Luck?

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-51
Author(s):  
Gerald Lang
Keyword(s):  
Strict Liability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stark Contrast

This chapter distinguishes, in a preliminary way, among different views on the role of luck in ascriptions of blameworthiness. First, there is the ‘Strict Liability Account’, which makes agents blameworthy if and only if their acts cause harm. Second, and in stark contrast, there is the ‘Anti-Luck Account’, which holds that any lucky differences between agents should be neutralized: any lucky differences between them should make no difference to how much agents are blamed. Third, there is the ‘Restricted Luck-Sensitive Account’, which appears to blend elements of these other views. The Restricted Account agrees with the Anti-Luck Account that agents are not eligible for blameworthiness unless they act either maliciously, or negligently, or recklessly. This is the ‘Internal Claim’. But the Restricted Account also contends that agents who have qualified for blameworthiness by satisfying the Internal Claim may then be blameworthy to different degrees, depending on how their acts turn out, even if the differences between them at this stage reflect luck. This is the ‘External Claim’. (The other chapters in Part I of the book will build up a case for the Restricted Account and against the Anti-Luck Account.) This chapter also searches for the fundamental constituents of the Anti-Luck Account, and identifies key roles for the ‘Irrelevance Intuition’ and ‘Fairness Intuition’, and for comparative luck. Finally, it takes issue with anti-luckist ‘accommodation strategies’, which attempt to explain away our habits of assigning different amounts of blameworthiness to agents who seem to be separated only by luck.

“Two Suns in One Firmament”: John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, and the 1655 New Haven Sodomy Statute

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1028
Author(s):  
Sandra Slater
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
The Other ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
New Haven ◽  
Sexual Activities ◽  
Legal Code ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Stark Contrast

This piece explores the origins of the anomalous 1655 New Haven statute against sodomy that broke with legal traditions and codes both in England and New England. A lengthy and extraordinarily specific piece of legislation, the New Haven law stands in stark contrast to the minimalist language favored by the English in the early seventeenth century. When viewed within the larger context of clerical animosities, particularly between Thomas Hooker and John Cotton, there is a strong circumstantial case to make for its implementation as an extension of John Cotton's rejected Massachusetts Bay legal code,Moses His Judicials, applied by his friend and admirer John Davenport in New Haven. A devout disciple of John Cotton, John Davenport's New Haven colony relied on Cotton's influence and stood as a rebuke to Thomas Hooker's Connecticut settlements, often criticized as too spiritually lax by those in Massachusetts Bay and New Haven. While seeking to demonstrate greater piety and rigidity, John Cotton and Thomas Hooker sought to exert dominance over the other, with Cotton employing Davenport's colony as an effective castigation of Hooker's perceived liberality. This piece is reflective of trends in studies of sexuality which suggest that ideas and identities related to sexuality do not operate in isolation, but often mirror anxieties not necessarily connected to the regulation of sexual activities. This article situates the 1655 Sodomy Statue within a broader context in order to understand its origins and animosities that potentially motivated its inclusion into the New Haven legal statutes.

scholarly journals Maintaining Class Actions in Tax Cases: Why Have Federal Litigants Been so Much Less Successful?

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Crane
Keyword(s):  
Federal Courts ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Civil Case ◽  
Class Actions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
State Tax ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Federal Taxes

Class actions challenging tax collections and seeking refunds are commonplace to state tax administrators in many jurisdictions. In stark contrast, however, class actions remain unusual in the various federal courts in which suits claiming that federal taxes have been illegally collected can be brought. This paper will attempt to offer some tentative explanations for this disparity. The disparity can be easily generalized. The federal courts have viewed their ability to interfere with tax processes as strictly a matter of limited jurisdiction under specific statutory provisions. Taking their cues from statutes that clearly were intended to limit their power in tax cases, the federal courts have been relatively unwilling to interpret these statutes in ways that expand taxpayers’ remedies. State courts, on the other hand, seem far more likely to apply the same approach to tax cases as they would apply to any other civil case involving private parties, and as a result, feel far less hesitation in taking a more generous approach to taxpayers’ remedies. Why?

scholarly journals Source apportionment of ambient particle number concentrations in central Los Angeles using positive matrix factorization (PMF)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Sowlat ◽  
S. Hasheminassab ◽  
C. Sioutas
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Matrix Factorization ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Positive Matrix Factorization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Auxiliary Variables ◽  
Positive Matrix ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Secondary Aerosol

Abstract. In this study, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model (version 5.0) was used to identify and quantify major sources contributing to particulate matter (PM) number concentrations, using PM number size distributions in the range of 13 nm to 10 μm combined with several auxiliary variables, including black carbon (BC), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), PM mass concentrations, gaseous pollutants, meteorological, and traffic counts data, collected for about 9 months between August 2014 and 2015 in central Los Angeles, CA. Several parameters, including particle number and volume size distribution profiles, profiles of auxiliary variables, contributions of different factors in different seasons to the total number concentrations, diurnal variations of each of the resolved factors in the cold and warm phases, weekday/weekend analysis for each of the resolved factors, and correlation between auxiliary variables and the relative contribution of each of the resolved factors, were used to identify PM sources. A six-factor solution was identified as the optimum for the aforementioned input data. The resolved factors comprised nucleation, traffic 1, traffic 2 (having a larger mode diameter than traffic 1 factor), urban background aerosol, secondary aerosol, and soil/road dust. Traffic sources (1 and 2) were the major contributor to PM number concentrations, collectively making up to above 60 % (60.8–68.4 %) of the total number concentrations during the study period. Their contribution was also significantly higher in the cold phase compared to the warm phase. Nucleation was another major factor significantly contributing to the total number concentrations (an overall contribution of 17 %, ranging from 11.7 % to 24 %), having a larger contribution during the warm phase than in the cold phase. The other identified factors were urban background aerosol, secondary aerosol, and soil/road dust, with relative contributions of approximately 12 % (7.4–17.1), 2.1 % (1.5–2.5 %), and 1.1 % (0.2–6.3 %), respectively, overall accounting for about 15 % (15.2–19.8 %) of PM number concentrations. As expected, PM number concentrations were dominated by factors with smaller mode diameters, such as traffic and nucleation. On the other hand, PM volume and mass concentrations in the study area were mostly affected by sources having larger mode diameters, including secondary aerosols and soil/road dust. Results from the present study can be used as input parameters in future epidemiological studies to link PM sources to adverse health effects as well as by policy makers to set targeted and more protective emission standards for PM.

The nth degree of writing at Nineveh

Iraq ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
Herman L. J. Vanstiphout
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Related Material ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Heaven And Earth

In both its versions the Marduk Ordeal text states that “enūma eliš, which is recited and chanted before Bel in Nisan, concerns his imprisonment”. Diverse clever and mostly correct interpretations of this somewhat weird statement have been offered, generally dwelling on the obvious attempt at Assyrianising Babylonian lore (and dogma) underlying this text and related material. These explanations, however, seem to overlook an important point: the statement is simply untrue. This is in stark contrast with the other unequivocal mention of enūma eliš: the reference to Anšar in MO A. 1. 54, who is presented having come into being before heaven and earth were created. The reason why this notion is taken over wholesale seems simple: to an Assyrian audience the identity between AN.ŠAR and the god Aššur (probably via *aššar — an almost universal assimilation feature of Akkadian) will have been obvious and convincing. It should be noted that Bel's defence in MO A 1. 35 “I only did what was beneficent to Aššur” also hinges on this identification. But this leaves us with the palpable untruth of 1. 34. How is this to be understood? I suggest that no answer to this question should be attempted without taking into account the text as a whole, and in particular its specific and highly idiosyncratic texture and structure.The text is made up from bits of different types of discourse, strung together very loosely and without any apparent structure. The prevalent types are:1. short bits of apparently narrative material, such as “Bēlet-ilī, who roams the streets, is looking for Marduk (saying:) ‘Where is he kept prisoner?’”;2. short point-to-point equivalencies of disparate materials, such as “The dog which crosses Esabad is a messenger. Gula is sending it to him”;3. somewhat longer passages explaining some point by reference to other texts (the note about Bel's imprisonment seems to belong to this group).

ON THE CLIQUE-WIDTH OF SOME PERFECT GRAPH CLASSES

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 423-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN CHARLES GOLUMBIC ◽  
UDI ROTICS
Keyword(s):  
Linear Time ◽  
Interval Graph ◽  
Unit Interval ◽  
Perfect Graphs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perfect Graph ◽  
Permutation Graph ◽  
Permutation Graphs ◽  
Graph Classes ◽  
Unit Interval Graph

Graphs of clique–width at most k were introduced by Courcelle, Engelfriet and Rozenberg (1993) as graphs which can be defined by k-expressions based on graph operations which use k vertex labels. In this paper we study the clique–width of perfect graph classes. On one hand, we show that every distance–hereditary graph, has clique–width at most 3, and a 3–expression defining it can be obtained in linear time. On the other hand, we show that the classes of unit interval and permutation graphs are not of bounded clique–width. More precisely, we show that for every [Formula: see text] there is a unit interval graph In and a permutation graph Hn having n2 vertices, each of whose clique–width is at least n. These results allow us to see the border within the hierarchy of perfect graphs between classes whose clique–width is bounded and classes whose clique–width is unbounded. Finally we show that every n×n square grid, [Formula: see text], n ≥ 3, has clique–width exactly n+1.

Screenings

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Paul Julian Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Independent Film ◽  
Mexican Cinema ◽  
Stark Contrast ◽  
National Reconciliation

FQ Columnist Paul Julian Smith explores the latest trends in Mexican cinema, which encompasses such divergent genres as the rom-com and horror. Illustrating the former is the office comedy Mirreyes vs. Godinez (dir. Chava Cartas, 2019), which pits the spoiled offspring of the leisured class against the workers at their family company, a class conflict that predictably resolves through romantic alliances. In stark contrast is Belzebuth (dir. Emilio Portes, 2017), a disturbing film about the Satanic murder of children set in the tense and traumatic territory of Mexico's border with the United States. Finally, Smith looks at two productions—one an independent film, the other a televised sit-com—that use narratives about house shares to explore the theme of national reconciliation.

Symétrisation de la longueur et du temps dans un espace de Lorentz C3 en algèbre lineaire, pouvant servir en théorie trichromatique des couleurs

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (17) ◽  
pp. 1687-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Demers
Keyword(s):  
Quadratic Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Auxiliary Variables ◽  
Lorentzian Form

It is proposed to express time as a composition of three auxiliary variables tx, ty, tz. which will be named components of vector t. Event P is expressed as a composition of six variables x, y, z, tx, ty, tz in R6 or of three coordinates ξ = x + itx, η = y + ity, and ζ = z + itz in C3. A quadratic function is defined, called 'carré simple', of P, which comes to the same as taking the square of the Lorentzian form of P in R4, equalling.s2. In this formalism, length r(x, y, z) and time t (tx, ty, tz) play roles exactly symmetrical and are exchangeable one for the other. This formalism will be applied to trichromatic theory.

Economic Development versus Cultural Transformation: Projects of Modernity in Japan and Turkey

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 85-127
Author(s):  
Binnaz Toprak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Industrial Country ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Successful Transition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Stark Contrast

In Turkey, Japan has often been perceived as an industrial country that developed economically while keeping to its traditions. This perception has been especially strong among Islamists and conservatives who have been critical of the process of Westernization since the nineteenth century. In their view, Turkey understood modernity as imitation of Western culture but failed to industrialize. Japan, on the other hand, proved that it was possible to modernize while preserving one's tradition, religion, and culture. Hence, according to this analysis, Japan's successful transition from agrarian to industrial society was in stark contrast to the Turkish course of modernization.

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