Vegetable Crop Response to EPTC Applied Preemergence Under Low-Density Polyethylene and High Barrier Plastic Mulch

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah D. Wallace ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper ◽  
Andrew W. MacRae ◽  
Lynn M. Sosnoskie ◽  
Timothy L. Grey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Alternative System ◽  
Phase Out

The continued phase-out of methyl bromide (MBr) challenges vegetable growers' abilities to control weeds in plasticulture production. Herbicides, such as EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), may be needed as part of a MBr alternative system. An experiment was conducted during the springs of 2008 and 2009 in Ty Ty, GA, to determine tomato, pepper, eggplant, and watermelon tolerance to EPTC applied under mulch. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of four rates of EPTC (0, 2, 3, or 4 kg ai ha−1) and two plastic mulch types (low density polyethylene [LDPE] mulch or a high barrier mulch [HBM]). Each crop was planted 28 d after applying herbicides and laying mulch. EPTC, regardless of rate, applied under LDPE mulch did not impact plant growth, fruit number produced, or fruit weights for any crop. Conversely, pepper, tomato, and eggplant heights were reduced 65 to 72%, 30 to 75%, and 9 to 32%, respectively, by EPTC at 2 to 4 kg ai ha−1when applied under HBM. Similar trends were observed for crop yield; fruit number and weight were reduced by 71 to 84% for pepper, 36 to 76% for tomato, and 7 to 15% for eggplant when EPTC was applied at 2 to 4 kg ai ha−1as compared to the no EPTC HBM control. Watermelon stem lengths, fruit number, and fruit weights were not impacted by EPTC applied under HBM mulch. It appears as though HBMs reduce the loss of EPTC through volatilization, thereby increasing the dose present at time of planting. EPTC could be included as part of a MBr alternative system for tomato, pepper, eggplant, and watermelon when applied under LDPE mulch, and may also be applied at labeled rates with the HBM utilized in this experiment for watermelon.

scholarly journals 2,4-D and dicamba removal from the surface of plastic mulch using overhead irrigation: analytical analysis and cucurbit bioassay crop response

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Lavesta C. Hand ◽  
Kayla M. Eason ◽  
Taylor M. Randell ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Herbicide Concentration ◽  
Crop Planting

Abstract Glyphosate and paraquat are effective preplant burndown herbicide options for multi-cropped vegetable production on plastic mulch, but problematic weeds such as wild radish, cutleaf eveningprimrose, annual morningglory, or horseweed may not be adequately controlled with these herbicides alone. 2,4-D and dicamba could help control these troublesome weeds prior to planting if they can be removed from plastic mulch for avoiding crop damage. Treatments included 2,4-D (1,065 and 2,130 g ae ha−1) and dicamba (560 and 1,120 g ae ha−1) applied broadcast over plastic mulch a day before transplanting. Just before transplanting, treatments received overhead irrigation at 0.76 cm or no irrigation. Plastic mulch samples were collected at application and planting to determine herbicide presence using analytical techniques, and cantaloupe and zucchini squash were subsequently transplanted on the plastic beds. Analytical UHPLC analysis determined 88-99% of the initial herbicide concentration was present at crop planting when irrigation was not implemented. At most, a 1/50 rate of dicamba and a 1/500 rate of 2,4-D was present at planting when overhead irrigation was applied prior to transplanting. Maximum cantaloupe and squash injury from 2,4-D with irrigation was 10% and did not influence plant growth, biomass, or yield. For dicamba with overhead irrigation, cantaloupe injury reached 35%, vine lengths were reduced 24% and maturity was delayed while squash injury ranged from 9 to 12% without influencing growth or yield. Without irrigation to wash herbicides from the mulch prior to planting, 60 to 100% injury of both crops occurred with both herbicides. Zucchini squash was more tolerant to dicamba compared to cantaloupe. Results demonstrated that 2,4-D can be adequately removed from the surface of plastic mulch with irrigation while a single irrigation event was not sufficient to remove dicamba.

scholarly journals PLASTIC MULCHED BED WIDTH EFFECTS ON PEPPER AND CANTALOUPE YEILD

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 507C-507
Author(s):  
William Terry Kelley ◽  
David B. Langston
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Phase Out

The phase out of methyl bromide has precipitated a need to reduce usage of the all purpose fumigant. Reduction in methyl bromide use can extend the life of existing stocks and make it more likely to continue critical use exemption for future production. Traditional widths for plastic mulch covered beds in Georgia ranges from 32 to 36 inches. By reducing bed top widths, it could be possible to reduce the amount of methyl bromide applied by as much as 60%. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of narrower bed tops and lower rates of methyl bromide on pepper and cantaloupe growth and yield. Bed top widths of 36, 30, and 24 inches were each tested with broadcast rates of 400 and 300 lb/acre of both 67:33 and 50:50 methyl bromide-chloropicrin at Tifton, GA in the fall of 2005. Bed widths were the main plot and methyl bromide rates the sub plot. Plots were 20 feet long with two rows of pepper planted per bed with 12 inches between plants and one row of cantaloupe planted per bed with two feet between plants. All beds were on 6-ft centers and fertilizer rates were constant across plots within a crop. There were four replications. Otherwise normal cultural practices were employed. Crops were harvested at maturity and data collected on yield and plant growth. Pepper yields were depressed by early cold weather. The 24-inch bed tops produced significantly lower yields of extra large, large and total fruit, but had greater top dry weight and root fresh weight than the 36-inch beds. There were no differences found among methyl bromide rates for cantaloupe or for pepper except extra large fruit were greater at the highest rate compared to the lowest. There were no differences among bed top widths for cantaloupe yield or plant growth.

Plastic mulch in agriculture: the case of low density polyethylene and its interactions with pesticides and soil microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Beriot ◽  
Raul Zornoza ◽  
Paul Zomer ◽  
Onurcan Ozbolat ◽  
Eva Lloret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Pesticides Residues ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
Conventional Management ◽  
Incomplete Removal

<p>Low Density Polyethylene is the most applied plastic mulch in agriculture, for decreasing water evaporation, increasing soil temperature, or preventing weeds. Incomplete removal of polyethylene mulch causes plastic pollution in agricultural soils. In conventional agriculture the use of plastic mulch is combined with the use of pesticides. Little is known about the long term effects on soils of plastic debris accumulations in relation with pesticides residues.</p><p>We studied 18 parcels in vegetable farms, under organic or conventional management, where plastic mulch has been used for 5 to 20 years in Cartagena’s country side (SE Spain). We sampled soil at two depths: 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm. We compared the macro and micro plastic debris contents, the pesticides residue levels and the soil physiochemical properties between parcels. The ribosomal 16S and ITS DNA regions were sequenced to study shifts in bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Soils under conventional management contained on average more than 6 different pesticides residues and soils in both managements contained on average 0.2±0.26 g/kg plastic debris. This study also showed how plastic and pesticides interact in soils and affect the microbial community. We identified the most sensitive groups which can act as bioindicators for plastic and pesticide pollution in soils.</p>

Vegetable Response to Herbicides Applied to Low-Density Polyethylene Mulch Prior to Transplant

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stanley Culpepper ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
Theodore M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Few herbicides are available for weed control in vegetable production systems using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulch. With the elimination of methyl bromide for pest management and subsequent use of various alternative fumigants, the need for herbicides in vegetable production systems has increased. An experiment was conducted to evaluate tolerance of transplant summer squash and tomato to carfentrazone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, halosulfuron, or paraquat applied to the mulch prior to transplanting. After applying herbicides overtop of the mulch but prior to vegetable transplant, the mulch was either irrigated with 1.0 cm of water or not irrigated. Carfentrazone did not affect either crop regardless of irrigation. Irrigation readily removed glyphosate and paraquat from the mulch, as there was no adverse crop injury in these treatments. In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT). Squash and tomato fruit numbers and fruit biomass (yield) were reduced 17 to 37%, and 25 to 33%, respectively. Halosulfuron reduced squash diameter and yield 71 to 74% and tomato heights and yields 16 to 37% when mulch was not irrigated prior to transplanting. After irrigating, halosulfuron had no affect on tomato, but reduced squash growth and yield 40 to 44%. Flumioxazin killed both crops when the mulch was not irrigated; and reduced squash yield 56% when irrigated. With irrigation, flumioxazin did not impact tomato fruit number, but did reduce tomato weight by 25%. These studies demonstrate the safety of carfentrazone, applied on mulch prior to transplanting either squash or tomato, regardless of irrigation, and also demonstrate the safety of glyphosate and paraquat if irrigated prior to transplanting. Conversely, flumioxazin should not be applied over mulch before transplanting either crop, regardless of irrigation. Halosulfuron application over mulch should be avoided before transplanting squash, regardless of irrigation, but can be applied prior to transplanting tomato if irrigated.

Effects of Stone Powder on Water Absorption and Biodegradability of Low Density Polyethylene/Palm Pressed Fibre Composite Film

2014 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Fatheyah Aris ◽  
Rohah A. Majid ◽  
Wan Hasamudin Wan Hassan ◽  
Mohd Faizal Abd Rahman ◽  
Yik Mun Ng
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Composite Film ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Inorganic Filler ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Palm Pressed Fibre

This study was aimed to develop semi-biodegradable low density polyethylene (LDPE)/oil palm pressed fibre (PPF) composite film for agriculture applications such as nursery bag and plastic mulch. Biodegradability and water absorbency are among the properties need to be considered. Biocomposite plastic that rich with cellulose normally takes faster time to biodegrade as the fibres become the food source of microbes in soil. It also absorbs water easily due to hydrogen bonding formation between the cellulose and the water molecules. To have a balance between these properties is important to determine the service life of the film. Inorganic filler, stone powder with particle size of 37 micron was incorporated at 5, 10 and 15 phr into a mixture of LDPE/PPF, in order to improve both properties. The stone has undergone a catalytic transmuted process to produce fine powder using technology patented by Blapol Sdn Bhd. The mixture was compounded using twin screw extruder and palletized prior to blown into a sheet of film. The effects of stone powder onto water absorption and biodegradability were studied. The percentage of water absorption was decreased about 13 % with addition of 15 phr stone powder, which is thought due to the ability of stone powder to interfere the formation of hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups of cellulose and water molecules. Meanwhile, the weight loss in biodegradability test has been slow down, probably due to inorganic nature of stone powder that takes longer time to be digested by microbes in soil.

Weed Management with Oxyfluorfen and Napropamide in Mulched Strawberry

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Bielinski M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of herbicide and mulch on weed management and strawberry yield. Napropamide at rates of 4.50, 6.75, or 9.00 kg ai/ha; oxyfluorfen at 0.57 kg ai/ha; and napropamide plus oxyfluorfen at 4.50 plus 0.57 kg/ha were applied pretransplant on pressed beds covered with either low-density polyethylene mulch or virtually impermeable film. There was no herbicide by mulch interaction. Mulch types had no influence on weed counts and fruit yield, whereas herbicides affected both variables. The napropamide plus oxyfluorfen treatment resulted in the highest fruit number and weight, increasing yield by 20% with respect to the nontreated control. This herbicide combination provided the best weed suppression.

scholarly journals SUSTAINING CROP GROWTH WITH COMPOST AND PLASTIC MULCH

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 913D-913
Author(s):  
Otho S. Wells ◽  
James R. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Soil Nutrient Status ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Black Plastic

In 1992 and 1993, a run-down, infertile field was treated with 0, 12, 24, and 48 T/A (day weight) of compost. Timothy was grown on the plots each year and removed. In 1994 and 1995, `Earliqueen' muskmelon was grown in the same plots, along with four types of synthetic mulch (black plastic, IRT-100 plastic, IRT-200 plastic, and paper). Over the two years, there was a consistent crop response. As compost rates increased, crop yield increased. The highest yields were with the higher rates of compost coupled with the IRT mulches. After 2 years of cropping, the soil nutrient status remained at acceptable levels at the 24 and 48 T/A rates of compost. Generally, organic matter, pH, and CEC increased with increasing compost rates. Foliar diseases were suppressed with the compost at all rates.

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