Persistence of Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Footbaths and Poultry Manure

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emerge from low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) through the introduction of basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Following viral evolution, the newly formed HPAIV likely represents a minority variant within the index host, predominantly infected with the LPAIV precursor. Using reverse-genetics engineered H5N8 viruses differing solely at the HA cleavage, we tested the hypothesis that the interaction between the minority HPAIV and the majority LPAIV could modulate the risk of HPAIV emergence and that the nature of the interaction could depend on the host species. In chickens, we observed that the H5N8 LP increased H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis. By contrast, the H5N8 LP antagonized H5N8 HP replication and pathogenesis in ducks. Ducks mounted a more potent antiviral innate immune response than chickens against the H5N8 LP , which correlated with H5N8 HP inhibition. These data provide experimental evidence that HPAIV may be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks and underscore the importance of within-host viral variants interactions in viral evolution. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses represent a threat to poultry production systems and to human health because of their impact on food security and because of their zoonotic potential. It is therefore crucial to better understand how these viruses emerge. Using a within-host competition model between highly and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, we provide evidence that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses could be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks. These results have important implications for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emergence prevention and they underscore the importance of within-host viral variants interactions in virus evolution.

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Modelling the impact of co-circulating low pathogenic avian influenza viruses on epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry

Epidemics ◽

10.1016/j.epidem.2016.10.005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sema Nickbakhsh ◽

Matthew D. Hall ◽

Ilaria Dorigatti ◽

Samantha J. Lycett ◽

Paolo Mulatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

The Impact

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Strong Evidence of Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Poultry in Iraq

Medico-Legal Update ◽

10.37506/mlu.v20i4.1936 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Strong Evidence ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Domestic Poultry ◽

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

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Prior infection with antigenically heterologous low pathogenic avian influenza viruses interferes with the lethality of the H5 highly pathogenic strain in domestic ducks

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science ◽

10.1292/jvms.21-0515 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kosuke SODA ◽

Maya YAMANE ◽

Chiharu HIDAKA ◽

Kozue MIURA ◽

Trang T. H. UNG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Pathogenic Strain ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

Domestic Ducks ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Prior Infection

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Phylogenetic studies of H3 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild mallards in Poland

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/avet.2013.017 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 416-424

Author(s):

Monika Olszewska ◽

Krzysztof Śmietanka ◽

Zenon Minta

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Avian Influenza Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Limited Degree ◽

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

H3 Subtype

In order to study the variation of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV) of H3 subtype in the natural reservoir, partial genetic characterisation of four AIV isolates of H3 subtype, recovered from wild mallards in Poland in 2006–2010, was performed. Phylogenetic analysis clearly confirms that there is a constant flow of AIV H3 between wild birds in Eurasia and Africa, and, to a limited degree, to North America (Alaska), with an occasional spill-over to poultry. The analysis of the PA gene of one isolate from 2010 suggests that it is closely related to several HPAI H5N1 viruses belonging to clade 2.3.2 and that, therefore, a reassortment event has occurred recently between low pathogenic and H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV.

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