scholarly journals Determination of circulating blood volume by continuously monitoring hematocrit during hemodialysis.

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J K Leypoldt ◽  
A K Cheung ◽  
R R Steuer ◽  
D H Harris ◽  
J M Conis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Total Plasma Protein ◽  
Before And After

Dialysis-induced hypovolemia occurs because the rate of extracorporeal ultrafiltration exceeds the rate of refilling of the blood compartment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a method for calculating circulating blood volume (BV) during hemodialysis (HD) from changes in hematocrit (Hct) shortly (2 to 10 min) before and after ultrafiltration (UF) was abruptly stopped. Hct was monitored continuously during 93 HD treatment sessions in 16 patients by an optical technique and at selected times by centrifugation of blood samples. Total plasma protein and albumin concentrations were also measured at selected times. Continuously monitored Hct correlated with Hct determined by centrifugation (R = 0.89, N = 579). Relative changes in BV determined by continuously monitored Hct were not different from those determined by total plasma protein concentration (P = 0.05; N = 273). Calculated BV at the start of dialysis (4.1 +/- 1.3 L) was not different (P = 0.18, N = 12) from that derived anthropometrically from the patient's dry weight (4.6 +/- 0.8 L), and calculated BV when UF was stopped was 3.2 +/- 0.5 L (46 +/- 7 ml/kg body wt). These latter estimates of BV are consistent with those determined previously by dilution techniques in HD patients. It was concluded that (1) relative changes in BV assessed by continuously monitored Hct were unbiased and (2) BV can be determined noninvasively during HD by continuously monitoring Hct and temporarily stopping UF.

scholarly journals THE MAINTENANCE OF A NORMAL PLASMA PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN SPITE OF REPEATED PROTEIN LOSS BY BLEEDING

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Barnett ◽  
R. B. Jones ◽  
R. B. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Total Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Protein Level

1. Experiments on five dogs are described consisting in the daily removal of blood plasma in amount from 25 to 100 cc. the red cells being returned to the circulation in Locke's solution. In no case was there a significant drop in plasma protein concentration. 2. A gravimetric method for the determination of total plasma protein is described. 3. A case is reported of cirrhosis of the liver in which over 10 gm. of protein daily was lost in the ascitic fluid during a period of 7 months without any lowering of plasma protein concentration. 4. The constancy of the plasma protein level and the adequacy of the mechanism of regeneration is pointed out.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Gum Arabica in Goat Blood

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 42-42
Author(s):  
Yaser M Ahmed ◽  
Hamid Ismail ◽  
Djaafar M Rehrah ◽  
Mulumebet Worku
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
White Blood Cell ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Total Plasma Protein

Abstract Gastrointestinal nematodes and other pathogens pose a major problem for goat production by reducing animal performance and welfare. Plants such as Acacia Senegal are useful as dietary sources for natural prophylaxis. Gum Arabica (GA) from A. Sengal has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties that need to be explored in goats. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible immunomodulatory effect of a water extract of GA in goat blood. Clinically healthy Boer and Spanish goats from the NCA&T Small ruminant unit were used. Goats were assigned randomly to two groups of ten (n = 20). Goats of one group were drenched daily with 10 mL of GA (treatment I) extract for 6 weeks. The second (control) group of goats received sterile water (treatment II). Blood was collected from the jugular vein in tubes containing acid-citrate-dextrose anticoagulant. Plasma was separated and the concentration of total protein was determined using Pierce BCA kit (Thermo Scientific Pierce, Rockford, IL). The white blood cell differential count was assessed on Wrights smeared stains. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4 (P < 0.05). Treatment with GA modulated total plasma protein concentration and the differential white blood cell counts. Treatment increased total plasma protein concentration and % lymphocytes, it decreased % neutrophils. Immunomodulation by GA may be advantageous in promoting health and wellness in goats. Further studies on the mechanism of action are warranted.

Variations in Thyroid Function and Sleep in Healthy Young Men

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Johns ◽  
J. P. Masterton ◽  
J. E. Paddle-Ledinek ◽  
Y. C. Patel ◽  
D. Winikoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Free Thyroxine ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Serum Thyroxine ◽  
Total Plasma Protein

1. The total serum thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine resin uptake, total plasma protein concentration and the free thyroxine index (FTI) were determined repeatedly, at 07.15, 13.00 and 22.30 hours over 4 days, in six healthy young men. 2. There was a significant diurnal variation in the total serum thyroxine concentration but this reflected changes in the binding capacity of serum proteins and in the total plasma protein concentration which could be explained by changes of posture. The FTI, and presumably therefore the free thyroxine concentration, varied very little with the time of day. 3. The FTI varied significantly from day to day in three of the six subjects, presumably as a result of changes in thyroxine secretion because the serum binding capacity did not vary. 4. The subjects' sleep at night was assessed by electro-encephalogram. On days when the FTI was highest for a particular subject his sleep was more fragmented by spontaneous awakenings, the amount of rapid-eye-movement sleep was reduced and that of delta-wave sleep was increased, implying that variations in thyroid function over a period of a few days in healthy subjects can be of physiological significance. The cause of these variations is uncertain.

Effects of hypoproteinemia-induced myocardial edema on left ventricular function

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (3) ◽  
pp. H937-H944 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Miyamoto ◽  
D. E. McClure ◽  
E. R. Schertel ◽  
P. J. Andrews ◽  
G. A. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Systolic Dysfunction ◽  
Myocardial Edema ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Stroke Work ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Total Plasma Protein

In previous studies, we observed left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction in association with interstitial myocardial edema (IME) induced by either coronary venous hypertension (CVH) or lymphatic obstruction. In the present study, we examined the effects of myocardial edema induced by acute hypoproteinemia (HP) on LV systolic and diastolic function. We also combined the methods of HP and CVH (HP-CVH) to determine their combined effects on LV function and myocardial water content (MWC). We used a cell-saving device to lower plasma protein concentration in HP and HP-CVH groups. CVH was induced by inflating the balloon in the coronary sinus. Six control dogs were treated to sham HP. Conductance and micromanometer catheters were used to assess LV function. Contractility, as measured by preload recruitable stroke work, did not change in control or HP groups but declined significantly (14.5%) in the HP-CVH group. The time constant of isovolumic LV pressure decline (τ) increased significantly from baseline by 3 h in the HP (24.8%) and HP-CVH (27.1%) groups. The end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (stiffness) also increased significantly from baseline by 3 h in the HP (78.6%) and HP-CVH (42.6%) groups. Total plasma protein concentration decreased from 5.2 ± 0.2 g/dl at baseline to 2.5 ± 0.0 g/dl by 3 h in the HP and HP-CVH groups. MWC of the HP (79.8 ± 0.25%) and HP-CVH groups (79.8 ±0.2%) were significantly greater than that of the control group (77.8 ± 0.3%) but not different from one another. In conclusion, hypoproteinemia-induced myocardial edema was associated with diastolic LV dysfunction but not systolic dysfunction. The edema caused by hypoproteinemia was more than twice that produced by our previous models, yet it was not associated with systolic dysfunction. CVH had a negative inotropic effect and no significant influence on MWC. IME may not have the inverse causal relationship with LV contractility that has been previously postulated but appears to have a direct causal association with diastolic stiffness as has been previously demonstrated.

Effects of hypoproteinemia on blood volume and arterial pressure of volume-loaded dogs

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. H1317-H1324
Author(s):  
R. D. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Autologous Plasma ◽  
Protein Mass

Studies were performed in 14 conscious, anephric dogs to clarify the role of blood volume in the genesis of hypertension. The dogs were splenectomized and had plasma protein concentration (PPC) reduced to 2.7 g/dl by daily plasmapheresis for 9 days. This hypoproteinemia resulted in a 20% decrease in both blood volume and mean arterial pressure. On the 10th day the dogs were nephrectomized. On the 11th day after a 3-h control period with plasmapheresis, lactated Ringer equivalent to 10 or 20% of body weight was intravenously infused. By 25 h postinfusion blood volume had not increased, and the dogs were still hypotensive. At 25 h plasma protein mass was returned to normal by intravenous infusion of autologous plasma, the average blood volume of the three low PPC groups increased approximately 50%, and the arterial pressure increased greater than 60%. The decrease in PPC shifted the regression of blood volume on sodium space down the blood volume axis. In conclusion, the dependence of arterial pressure on blood volume was demonstrated by the decrease in both blood volume and arterial pressure after PPC reduction, the constancy of blood volume and pressure during Ringer infusion, and the increase in both volume and pressure after plasma infusion.

Effect of hemolysis on reflection coefficient determined by endogenous blood indicators

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 2252-2257 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Maron ◽  
C. F. Pilati ◽  
K. C. Maender
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Fluid Filtration ◽  
Lung Lobe ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Osmotic Reflection Coefficient

The osmotic reflection coefficient (sigma) can be estimated from the increases in hematocrit and plasma protein concentration that result from fluid filtration occurring in an isolated perfused organ. We determined what effect perfusion pump-induced hemolysis has on the value of sigma determined by this technique in both the isolated canine left lower lung lobe (LLL) and forelimb by comparing estimates of sigma obtained before and after correction for hemolysis. Hemolysis was corrected by using the slopes of the relationships between hematocrit and plasma hemoglobin concentration and between the plasma protein and hemoglobin concentrations to correct hematocrit and protein concentration to a state of zero hemolysis. Uncorrected estimates of sigma in the LLL were 1.19 +/- 0.14 (SE) at a venous pressure (Pv) of 12 Torr (n = 7) and 0.90 +/- 0.02 at a Pv of 19 Torr (n = 6). Both sets of LLL's yielded sigma values of 0.77 +/- 0.03 after hemolysis correction. In the forelimb (n = 5), uncorrected and corrected estimates of sigma of 0.99 +/- 0.03 and 0.85 +/- 0.01, respectively, were obtained. The latter values were similar to sigma's (0.88 +/- 0.01) determined by lymph analysis in five additional forelimbs. We conclude that hemolysis results in overestimates of sigma. After hemolysis correction, this technique yields similar results to those obtained from lymph analysis for the forelimb and from published values for the LLL.

Nontraditional effects of protein binding and hematocrit on uptake of indocyanine green by perfused rat liver

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (1) ◽  
pp. G227-G238 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ott ◽  
R. A. Weisiger
Keyword(s):  
Indocyanine Green ◽  
Protein Binding ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Hepatic Clearance ◽  
Hepatic Uptake ◽  
Perfused Rat Liver ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Total Plasma Protein

We used a novel parameter-free approach to study the role of protein binding in the hepatic clearance of indocyanine green (ICG) from reconstituted pig blood by perfused rat liver. Either perfusate total plasma protein concentration or hematocrit was changed. By analyzing protein concentration ratios or plasma volume ratios relative to ratios of intrinsic hepatic clearance of ICG (K), it was possible to evaluate current models of hepatic uptake of protein-bound ligands without precise knowledge of some of the model parameters. A four-fold increase in the total plasma protein concentration produced only a 36% decrease in K. This was substantially less than predicted by the traditional model, where K is proportional to the free concentration of ligand. Because an unstirred water layer effect could not by itself account for the observations, the effects of binding disequilibrium in the sinusoids or uptake directly from the bound pool had to be considered. To discriminate, hematocrit was increased from 15% to 29%, causing a 20% decrease in the sinusoidal plasma volume. A significant reduction in K strongly suggested a sinusoidal binding disequilibrium effect. The dissociation rate constant predicted by this model was confirmed by in vitro measurement, further supporting this interpretation. The simple experimental design and its parameter-free evaluation provide a new tool for investigating the hepatic uptake of protein-bound ligands.

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