Effects of hypoproteinemia on blood volume and arterial pressure of volume-loaded dogs

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. H1317-H1324
Author(s):  
R. D. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Autologous Plasma ◽  
Protein Mass

Studies were performed in 14 conscious, anephric dogs to clarify the role of blood volume in the genesis of hypertension. The dogs were splenectomized and had plasma protein concentration (PPC) reduced to 2.7 g/dl by daily plasmapheresis for 9 days. This hypoproteinemia resulted in a 20% decrease in both blood volume and mean arterial pressure. On the 10th day the dogs were nephrectomized. On the 11th day after a 3-h control period with plasmapheresis, lactated Ringer equivalent to 10 or 20% of body weight was intravenously infused. By 25 h postinfusion blood volume had not increased, and the dogs were still hypotensive. At 25 h plasma protein mass was returned to normal by intravenous infusion of autologous plasma, the average blood volume of the three low PPC groups increased approximately 50%, and the arterial pressure increased greater than 60%. The decrease in PPC shifted the regression of blood volume on sodium space down the blood volume axis. In conclusion, the dependence of arterial pressure on blood volume was demonstrated by the decrease in both blood volume and arterial pressure after PPC reduction, the constancy of blood volume and pressure during Ringer infusion, and the increase in both volume and pressure after plasma infusion.

Dynamics of extracellular fluid volume changes during hyperproteinemia

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (6) ◽  
pp. R1878-R1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Davis Manning
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Autologous Plasma ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
The Relationship

The dynamics of fluid volume distribution between the blood and interstitium during hyperproteinemia were studied in 12 anephric, conscious dogs during several states of hydration. After recovery from splenectomy and unilateral nephrectomy, plasma protein concentration was elevated to 8.4–8.7 g/dl by daily intravenous infusion of 330 ml of previously collected autologous plasma for 11 days. The remaining kidney was then removed, and the next day lactated Ringer solution equivalent to 10 or 20% of body weight was infused intravenously. By the end of the 25-h postinfusion period, Ringer infusion had increased circulating protein mass 20.9 ± 9.1% (mean ± SE) in the 10% group ( P< 0.05) and decreased it 10.5 ± 3.3% in the 20% group ( P < 0.05). The average increase in blood volume and arterial pressure during the postinfusion period was 27.4 ± 2.5 and 20.7 ± 3.7%, respectively, in the 10% group but only 17.8 ± 2.4 and 12 ± 1.6% in the 20% group (all changes significant compared with respective control). The relationship between blood volume and sodium space was similar to that found during normoproteinemia, such that elevations in sodium space of 40–50% increased blood volume but greater elevations in sodium space caused no further increases in blood volume. Overhydration during chronic hyperproteinemia causes hypervolemia and hypertension, but, in contrast to those in short-term studies, the increases in blood volume and arterial pressure are not greater than those achieved during normoproteinemia.

Effects of hypoproteinemia on fluid volumes and arterial pressure

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. H284-H293 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Manning ◽  
A. C. Guyton
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration

The effects of both moderate and large decreases in plasma protein concentration on arterial pressure and fluid volumes were studied in 23 conscious dogs. In experiment 1, plasma protein concentration decreased 33% during a 5-day plasmapheresis period. During this time sodium space increased 11%, mean arterial pressure decreased slightly, and neither blood volume nor plasma volume decreased. Experiment 2 was performed to see if blockade of the alpha-sympathetic and angiotensin systems could prevent the blood volume homeostasis during moderate hypoproteinemia. Sodium space increased; however, blood volume was unchanged. During experiment 3 plasma protein concentration decreased 68% over a 12-day plasmapheresis period. By the last day of plasmapheresis, plasma protein concentration was 2.4 g/100 ml, mean arterial pressure had decreased 26 mmHg, sodium space had increased 12%, plasma renin activity had increased 11-fold, and blood volume and plasma volume were 63.9 +/- 4.0 and 66.9 +/- 2.5% of control, respectively. We conclude that the maintenance of a normal blood volume during moderate hypoproteinemia does not require active participation of the renin-angiotensin and alpha-sympathetic systems and large decreases in plasma protein concentration are accompanied by marked hypovolemia, hypotension, and hyperreninemia.

Control circulatory values of morphinepentobarbitalized dogs

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Deavers ◽  
E. L. Smith ◽  
R. A. Huggins
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration

Mean control data on a series of 100 dogs are presented. Cell volume, measured with Cr51-tagged red cells and plasma volume determined simultaneously by T-1824 dye was 33.5 ± 0.74 cc/kg and 50.2 ± 1.11 cc/kg, respectively. The venous hematocrit was 45.2% and the circulatory/venous hematocrit ratio was 0.89 ± 0.01 for the group. The plasma protein concentration of these animals was 6.25 ± 0.07 gm/100 cc. No difference in blood volume per unit of body weight was found between large (12.6 kg) and small (5.8 kg) dogs. The femoral mean systolic pressure was 139.0 ± 2.53 mm Hg, the diastolic pressure 65.6 ± 1.46 mm Hg and the heart rate 85.9 ± 2.86/min.

scholarly journals Plasma proteins in growing analbuminaemic rats fed on a diet of low-protein content

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Joles ◽  
E. H. J. M. Jansen ◽  
C. A. Laan ◽  
N. Willekes-Koolschijn ◽  
W. Kortlandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Low Protein

1. Analbuminaemic and Sprague-Dawley (control) rats were fed on low- (60 g/kg) protein and control (200 g protein/kg) dietsad lib.from weaning. Males and females were studied separately. Body-weight and plasma protein concentrations were determined at 10 d intervals from 25 to 75 d of age. Electrophoresis of plasma proteins was performed in samples from day 75. Extracellular fluid volume was measured at 10 d intervals from day 45 onwards. Colloid osmotic pressure was measured in plasma and interstitial fluid (wick technique) at the start and end of the trial.2. Body-weight increased much less on the low-protein diet than on the normal diet in both strains and sexes. The growth retardation was slightly more pronounced in the male analbuminaemic rats than in the male Sprague-Dawley controls.3. Plasma protein concentration increased during normal growth in all groups, particularly in the female analbuminaemic rats. This increase was reduced by the 60 g protein/kg diet in all groups, with the exception of the male analbuminaemic rats.4. Differences in plasma colloid osmotic pressure were similar to those seen in plasma protein concentration. Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure was higher in the control rats than in the analbuminaemic ones. The interstitial colloid osmotic pressure increased during growth in the control but not in the analbuminaemic rats. The difference in interstitial colloid osmotic pressure between the strains was maintained during low-protein intake, but at a lower level than during normal protein intake.5. Subtracting interstitial from plasma colloid osmotic pressure, resulted in a rather similar transcapillary oncotic gradient in the various groups at 75 d, both on the control protein diet (11–14 mmHg), and on the lowprotein diet (9–11 mmHg).6. All protein fractions were reduced to a similar extent by the low-protein diet in the control rats, whereas in the analbuminaemic rats protein fractions produced in the liver were more severely depressed.7. Extracellular fluid volume as a percentage of body-weight was similar in all groups, and decreased with increasing age.8. In conclusion, the analbuminaemic rats were able to maintain the transcapillary oncotic gradient on both diets by reducing the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure. Oedema was not observed.9. Despite the absence of albumin, the protein-malnourished analbuminaemic rat is no more susceptible to hypoproteinaemia and oedema than its normal counterpart.

Influence of the plasma protein concentration on renal function

1991 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan D. Cumming ◽  
Adam Linton
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration

1. The effect of the plasma protein concentration on renal function remains controversial. Most, but not all, experimental studies suggest that a reduced plasma protein concentration perfusing the kidney may reduce tubular sodium reabsorption. Hypoproteinaemic disease states are usually associated with sodium retention, which is not always volume-dependent. 2. We induced a 21% and 24% reduction in plasma total protein and plasma albumin, respectively, in unanaesthetized sheep by acute extracorporeal plasmapheresis. Arterial pressure did not change, and changes in circulatory volume were minimised by infusion of crystalloid to maintain pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, measured using a Swann-Ganz pulmonary artery catheter. 3. After plasmapheresis, there was no significant change in creatinine clearance, sodium excretion, plasma renin activity or urinary kallikrein excretion. 4. After plasmapheresis, there was a significant reduction in plasma osmolality, increase in urine osmolality and fall in free water clearance. 5. The results suggest that in the absence of detectable changes in circulating volume or arterial pressure, acute hypoproteinaemia is associated with significant changes in renal water handling, but has no direct effect on sodium excretion or on renal release of renin and kallikrein.

Effect of arachidonic acid and indomethacin on renal function of dogs with pericardial tamponade

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Boudreau ◽  
Henry Mandin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Pericardial Tamponade ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration

Previous studies revealed persistent sodium retention in dogs with chronic pericardial tamponade (induced by injection of Freund adjuvant into pericardial sacs) and pericardiocentesis, revealed in increased sodium excretion. Three groups of dogs were studied. Group 1 was treated with indomethacin (2.5 mg/kg, iv) prior to pericardiocentesis. Compared with experiments without indomethacin, sodium excretion did not increase following pericardiocentesis in animals treated with indomethacin despite similar changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, and renin activity. This effect of indomethacin was presumably mediated through prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibition. Group 2 dogs received an infusion of arachidonic acid (AA) (to increase PG synthesis) into the left renal artery (20 μg∙kg−1∙min−1). Sodium excretion increased after AA infusion during tamponade (11.2 to 30.9 mequiv∙min−1) with a further increase occurring after pericardiocentesis (84.4 mequiv.∙min−1). Animals in group 3 were infused with both 20 and 80 μg∙kg−1∙min−1 doses of AA. Although sodium excretion following 80 μg∙kg−1∙min−1 AA (21 mequiv.∙min−1) was higher than that seen during 20 μg∙kg−1∙min−1 (14.2 mequiv.∙min−1), a further increase in sodium excretion to 45.6 mequiv.∙min−1 followed pericardiocentesis. During tamponade, AA did not change any of the measured parameters other than sodium excretion, a result compatible with the proposed distal tubular site of action of PG. Absolute but not fractional cortical blood flow distribution increased during the time sodium excretion increased following pericardiocentesis in all experiments. It is proposed that increased PG synthesis may be one possible mechanism involved in the natriuresis seen following pericardiocentesis. One cannot exclude the possibility that increased absolute blood flow to the superficial cortex also contributes to the observed natriuresis. Changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, and renin activity appear to contribute to the observed natriuresis but only when PG synthesis is not blocked.

scholarly journals Determination of circulating blood volume by continuously monitoring hematocrit during hemodialysis.

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J K Leypoldt ◽  
A K Cheung ◽  
R R Steuer ◽  
D H Harris ◽  
J M Conis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Total Plasma Protein ◽  
Before And After

Dialysis-induced hypovolemia occurs because the rate of extracorporeal ultrafiltration exceeds the rate of refilling of the blood compartment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a method for calculating circulating blood volume (BV) during hemodialysis (HD) from changes in hematocrit (Hct) shortly (2 to 10 min) before and after ultrafiltration (UF) was abruptly stopped. Hct was monitored continuously during 93 HD treatment sessions in 16 patients by an optical technique and at selected times by centrifugation of blood samples. Total plasma protein and albumin concentrations were also measured at selected times. Continuously monitored Hct correlated with Hct determined by centrifugation (R = 0.89, N = 579). Relative changes in BV determined by continuously monitored Hct were not different from those determined by total plasma protein concentration (P = 0.05; N = 273). Calculated BV at the start of dialysis (4.1 +/- 1.3 L) was not different (P = 0.18, N = 12) from that derived anthropometrically from the patient's dry weight (4.6 +/- 0.8 L), and calculated BV when UF was stopped was 3.2 +/- 0.5 L (46 +/- 7 ml/kg body wt). These latter estimates of BV are consistent with those determined previously by dilution techniques in HD patients. It was concluded that (1) relative changes in BV assessed by continuously monitored Hct were unbiased and (2) BV can be determined noninvasively during HD by continuously monitoring Hct and temporarily stopping UF.

scholarly journals LIVER FUNCTION AND BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN FORMATION

1937 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Knutti ◽  
C. C. Erickson ◽  
S. C. Madden ◽  
P. E. Rekers ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Vegetable Protein ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Proteins ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Daily Diet

Normal dogs and two Eck fistula dogs, receiving a daily diet containing an average of 1 gm. of vegetable protein per kilo of body weight, showed after average intervals of 7 to 9 weeks, slight decreases in amounts of circulating plasma protein (Table 21). A third Eck fistula dog under similar circumstances was unable to maintain its plasma protein concentration above the edema level. This dog by biopsy was shown to have an abnormal liver and the evidence indicated that the other organs were normal. The animal showed active thirst and diuresis as compared with controls (Table 25). This Eck fistula dog had less than one-tenth the capacity of the normal dog to form new plasma protein when various food proteins were added to the basal diet, and no significant quantitative differences in the relative potency of these foods (liver, kidney, heart muscle, soy bean, salmon) could be distinguished (Table 22). It appears that the liver abnormality is responsible for this abnormal reaction. This observation gives strong support to the thesis that the liver is actively concerned with fabrication of new plasma protein.

Chronic effects of hyperproteinemia on blood volume and lymph protein concentration

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (4) ◽  
pp. H937-H941 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Autologous Plasma

The long-term effects of hyperproteinemia on blood volume and lymph protein concentration were studied in six conscious dogs over a 17-day period. Plasma protein concentration (PPC) was increased by daily intravenous infusion of approximately 300 ml of previously collected autologous plasma. By day 17 PPC had increased 2.4 g/dl, and plasma colloid osmotic pressure had increased 51%; however, blood volume was not changed. Also, at this time sulfate space, an index of extracellular fluid volume, had increased 12%, prenodal lymph protein concentration had increased from 1.6 to 5.1 g/dl, mean arterial pressure was unchanged, circulating protein mass was increased, and plasma sodium concentration was decreased slightly. In conclusion, the increase in lymph protein concentration during hyperproteinemia may indicate that interstitial fluid protein concentration also increased. This, in turn, would help to prevent any increase in the transcapillary colloid osmotic pressure gradient and thus attenuate any changes in blood volume.

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