A művi lélegeztetés történeti vázlata

Insufflation and arteficial aeration of the lungs are referenced in biblical times. Pneuma in its double meaning as air(oxygen) and soul have been inseparable since then. Induced and obstacle-free positive and negative intrapulmonary air flow challenged generations of surgeons from the late 19th century. Following a transient dominance of the extrathoracic negative pressure approach (Sauerbruch’s negative pressure concept) the transtracheal intrapulmonary alternating positive pressure concept won. Medical engineering played a decisive role in developing positive pressure machines. Till the 1950s ventilation and anaesthesia machines were combined and longterm arteficial ventilation was unavailable. The volume regulated Engström ventilator introduced in the 1952-3 polio epidemic was the game changer followed by other concepts, pressure ventilation included. Negative pressure chamber ventilation (iron lung and cuirass) saw a renaissance in the 1950s only to be replaced by intratratcheal ventilation by the end of the decade. Invasive ventilation became the norm till just recently when noninvasive breath support saw the second renaissance. COVID-19, a medico-political pandemic 2019-20 posed a new challenge to the intensive therapist, necessitating the review and maybe resuscitation of bygone philosophies and methods.

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Ground Penetrating Radar Investigation of Corvin Castle (Castelul Corvinilor), Hunedoara, Romania

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage2020085 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1316-1349 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Isabel Morris ◽

Julia Cleary ◽

Andre Gonciar ◽

Branko Glisic

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Ground Penetrating Radar ◽

Late 19Th Century ◽

14Th Century ◽

Promising Tool ◽

15Th Century ◽

Cultural Sites ◽

The 1950S ◽

Conservation Projects ◽

Ground Penetrating

Corvin Castle, located in Hunedoara County (Transylvania), is an important Romanian cultural site. Originally, a fort constructed in the 14th century, it was first converted into a castle by Ioan de Hunedoara in the 15th century, frequently changing owners (with significant construction in the 15th and 17th centuries) until it was abandoned in the mid-19th century. After undergoing various ill-fated reconstruction efforts in the late 19th century, the castle reopened in the 1950s when the Romanian government renewed its interest in cultural sites and undertook a series of sparsely-documented archaeological investigations and conservation projects. Presently, restoration efforts require renewed investigation of Corvin Castle’s construction and history. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a promising tool for investigating the construction phases of heritage structures like Corvin Castle, where invasive methods are inappropriate and extensive historical modification has left incomplete records. In 2017, a comprehensive GPR survey of the castle was conducted. The survey recognizes features mentioned in texts, discovers previously unknown constructions, locates areas of moisture ingress around the courtyard, and identifies the extent and composition of the building foundations. Information gained from these scans, especially combined with printed sources, is an asset in planning restoration efforts and understanding the effects of past modifications.

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Etruscan Architecture

Classics ◽

10.1093/obo/9780195389661-0121 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Ingrid Edlund-Berry

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Large Scale ◽

Building Materials ◽

Public Buildings ◽

Late 19Th Century ◽

The 1950S ◽

Materials Used ◽

New Evidence

The study of Etruscan architecture suffers greatly in comparison with its Greek and Roman counterparts because of the building materials used. Whereas Greek temples, such as the Parthenon in Athens, and Roman public buildings, such as the immense bath complex of Caracalla in Rome, immediately catch the attention and admiration of students and travelers, Etruscan architectural remains consist for the most part of underground tombs, foundation walls, models of huts and houses, and fragments of terracotta roof decoration. At the same time, thanks to the description by the Roman architectural historian Vitruvius (Ten Books on Architecture 4.7.1–4), the proportions and layout of the so-called Tuscan temple are well known and have been much admired and studied during the Renaissance and later. The perception of Etruscan architecture has, however, changed much since the advent of large-scale excavations in the late 19th century, and since the 1950s new evidence has produced important results for our understanding of the architectural traditions in ancient Italy.

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TangoMedia

10.5771/9783968216478 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Visual Imagery ◽

Specific Character ◽

Late 19Th Century ◽

Large Cities ◽

Cultural Phenomenon ◽

Mass Audience ◽

The Media ◽

The 1950S ◽

National Borders

Initially conceived as a form of music and dance with vulgar connotations, tango emerged in the large cities located in the River Plate region in Argentina and Uruguay in the late 19th century. Brought to the public’s attention via early forms of the media (records, the radio and film), tango established itself in Europe before finding a mass audience in the region in which it originated from the 1930s to the 1950s. Tango’s revival in Europe in the 1980s also reignited its popularity in the River Plate region. Tango is a media product that pervades all social strata and transcends both regional and national borders. It’s not only the music and the dance itself that have turned tango into a pop-cultural phenomenon, but its music’s lyrics, the visual imagery it creates and its specific character. This book examines tango’s historical, social and media dimensions in 13 contributions.

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