A fogászati kerámiaanyagok fejlődésének történeti áttekintése

Initially, ceramics - mostly burnt clay - were used to manufacture container pottery. The first porcelain objects reached Europe out of China in the Medieval Ages. The technique of their manufacturing was a mystery for many hundred years, yet Germans succeeded first to produce fine European porcelain at the beginning of the 18th century. Its elegance and hardness woke the dentists’ interest too thus Frenchmen created the first porcelain dentures in the second half of the 18th century. Since then, there has been an increasing demand for esthetic fixed implant dentures instead of removable ones. The development of ceramic materials resulted in better mechanical and optical properties, thus the first fixed porcelain inlays and jacket crowns were introduced already in 1889. The addition of leucite filler crystals to porcelain in the 20th century increased the thermal expansion of the ceramic. It could be fired on common dental casting alloys, so the first porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) crown was created in 1962. Several new techniques were developed from the middle of the 1980s to the end of the 1990s to deal with initial shrinkage and achieve better properties. Beyond casting, pressing, and CAD/CAM technology, additive manufacturing opened new perspectives in dentistry several years ago in processing dental ceramics.

Dance as a Remedy of Lifestyle Medicine, a Cultural-psychophysiological Approach

Dance is a traditional element of cultural-psychophysiological homeostasis. The chapter approves the role of dance in maintaining mental and bodily health. As dance is deeply cultural by its nature, it is worth extending its framework of healing from social-psychophysiological towards the cultural. The chapter explores the cultural, social, psychological, and bodily benefits and homeostatic functions of dance in an age of sedentary lifestyle. Sedentarism proved to be a silent killer responsible for increased cardiovascular, oncological morbidity and mortality; therefore, one should explore the lifestyle medical gains of dance along the whole life course. We explore the PNI-related and neurological aspects of endocrine functions of active muscle and its role in the prevention of chronic diseases and ageing. Dance also proved to be beneficial in mental health problems. We pay special attention to Hungarian folk dance revival, the so-called Táncház (Dance House) movement, and its practical potential in physical and psychological health protection, social skill development, gender socialization, and personal development.

Botanikus kertek kialakulása, tervezése, építése, és használatuk a gyógyításban

The main purpose of this study is to demonstrate the past way of gardens’ development throughout the men’s history. The onset was the creation of the first gardens, later on, their evolution related to their type and purpose, finally there are concerns about the external factors that instigated the flourishing of horticulture. Monastic medicine is one of the key issues thus this study contains a dedicated chapter about this topic since it is really important how the medical use of herbs evolved throughout the past times. There is also presented the botanical garden⁠—one of the main garden types⁠—using the specific example of this country’s greatest Füvészkert (Herbal Garden) in Hungary. Since ever, there was fiercely debated the therapeutic classification of herbal medicines, if their safety and efficacy were proven, and whether there were needed legislation about their administration. A specific chapter is concerning these issues too. There are also presented outcomes of online questionnaire-based research answered by 700 responders.

Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1797-1869)

Being a chairman and professor of physiology in Breslau/Wroclaw till 1850, Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1797-1869) made many crucial discoveries/experiments with the new advanced microscopy and histology techniques. He established the first institute of the physiology of the world (1839) and founded the basic principles and framework of cellular physiology (protoplasmic concept) both in plant and animal tissues. Purkine discovered and described (first in Polish, 1839) the extensive terminal network of the cardiac conduction system. Its paradigmatic discovery was presented in the last two 15-page German article in 1845, which was immediately translated into English by Sir William Withey Gull (1816-1880), an extraordinary physician to the queen and Prince of Wales. In 1837, he made his other famous discovery of Purkine cells, a giant flak-shaped nerve cell forming the middle layer of the cerebellum. His combination of physical, chemical, and microscopic observations made him the father of modern experimental physiology and predecessor of the legendary French scientist/biologist, Claude Bernard (1813-1878). Purkinje as a Czech and Slav patriot advocated cultural collaboration of Slav nations and promoted understanding between the nations of the Habsburg monarchy. His life and personality is also an inspiration on how to be a truly humanistic European and yet, a highly responsible, convinced patriot. He was a pioneer of the Czech medical language. His achievements are possibly best documented by this rhyme of Goethe: „…and should you fail to understand let Purkinje give you a hand.” True also for our times (cit by Zarsky).

Galilei életműve és kopernikánus eszméi. Eszmetörténeti áttekintés

This study offers first a summary of Galileo’s life oeuvre, based on original sources. Second, it expounds on the arguments in detail he advanced while defending Copernicanism in five of his works, namely the Sidereus nuncius, the epistle addressed to Cristina di Lorena, the Dialogo, the Saggiatore, and the Discorsi e dimostrazioni. All interpretations endeavour to fine-tune Galilei’s points of view without the usual generalizations. Finally, a closing evaluation tries to clarify Galileo’s place in the history of European natural sciences.

Korok és Kórok kiállítás 2019-2020

The HNM Semmelweis Museum of Medical History's exhibition „Diseases for the Ages, What the Deceased Tell Us”, is displaying the anthropological collection of the Museum which never was presented earlier, and the mummy-research made in the framework of the Nephthys Project, with some additional material from the Hungarian Natural History Museum and the Hopp Ferenc Asian Art Museum. Visitors can learn about the appearance of known and little-known diseases visible on archaeological human remains and gain insight into the know-how and the results of the mummy research. The exhibition is accompanied by a museum educational program and a series of lectures.

EU az egészségügyért: az Európai Unió 4. Egészségügyi Cselekvési Programja

The European Commission proposed a new, ambitious health programme 2021-2027 in May 2020. The main aim of this EU4Health programme is to provide a significant contribution to the post-COVID-19 recovery by making the EU population healthier, strengthening the resilience of health systems, and promoting innovation in the health sector. The general objectives of the programme are to protect people in the Union from serious cross-border threats to health; to improve the availability in the Union of medicines, medical devices and other crisis relevant products, contribute to their affordability, and support innovation; to strengthen health systems and the healthcare workforce, including digital transformation and increasingly integrated and coordinated cooperation among the Member States, sustained implementation of best practices and data sharing, to increase the average level of public health.

A legelső fogorvosnők, a kezdet

Female professionals’ existence in dentistry is a result of ending slavery, emerging women's movements, progress towards a democratic state and wider dissemination of human rights. It was only at the end of the 19th century that women started their emancipation movement while leaving behind the narrow space of the household and equal to men populated the world of the business. However, it was a long way. Now we follow the life of the very first women in different countries demonstrating the problems they were facing: missing higher education, to be accepted by their patients and male family members. Since Western medicine claimed specific medical education to be a licensed practitioner, women found it much more difficult to enter the medical profession except midwifery. Nevertheless, we found in our research more among the first female dental practitioners who supported their husband, brother or father in their office. These women were brave and determined, tough, smart and hardworking, true heroes who faced all difficulties. They were active this way for a few hundred years, until the 1800s when the first graduated women dentists began practising. These women broke barriers in the world of dental care and demonstrated that dentistry was able to ensure bright smiles for their patients.

Illustrating the Smallpox Vaccine in Hungary 1798-1850

This dissertation explores the images in the three treatises on the smallpox vaccine, which were illustrated between 1798 and 1850 in Hungary, which are János Stand’s, Sámuel Váradi’s and Mihály Kováts’s publications. It looks at the background of their authors and the production of their images, as well as the quality of the illustrations. As all three treatises have one illustration and they all follow the same visual strategy, the dissertation also seeks to describe and identify the scopes of such images, and to define their role in the implementation of the practice of vaccination in the wider public. Furthermore, the wider context of the images is also outlined, which aims at demonstrating what the illustrations can tell about contemporary medical culture and publishing in Hungary, the cultural dominance of Vienna within the Empire, and the transmission of knowledge, images, and cowpox matter in Europe and the Habsburg territories.

Lorenzo de Monacis: A vérszopó Ezerino borzalmas története

Even in the early twentieth century, northern Italian children were intimidated by the Bloodsucker Ezerino. We find Ezerino or Ezzelino Da Romano (1194-1259) also in the seventh circle of Dante's Hell, but the horror tale of the cruel tyrant has been mentioned in several romantic literary works as well. The reign of the Ghibellin Ezerino could only be terminated by the alliance of the Pope, the Lombard League and the Venetian Republic through a crusade against the tyrant, but its terror and the hatred of his opponents left their mark on later narratives as well. Later analysts pointed out that most of the horrors detailed here may only have been exaggerations or fictions with which the victors tried to defeat the former deadly enemy – as we have already seen by a few examples. But also the history of the 20th century demonstrates clearly that there is no unimaginable horror committed by man over time. Our presented text is the 13th chapter of an early 15th century Venetian chronicle. The first half of the story is a slightly confusing story of petty family quarrels, wealth-seeking tricks, minor skirmishes, but later there are unfolding terrible events before our very eyes that remember the tragedy of Richard the III. We can see how an average nobleman became an almost unearthly evil, paranoid tyrant by the end of his life. The narrative is slowly rising from the middle of the text to literary niveau and deepens into an impressive tyrannical biography framed by the completely meaningless Guelf-Ghibelline wars. Its pages are populated by historical and supra-historical figures: ruthless mercenaries, cruel hangmen keeping the account of their victims, family members whistleblowing each order, self-whipping flagellants, diligent denunciators and humiliated truncated children liberated from their prison as living sceletons.