scholarly journals Criminal Liability of Legal Entities in China: Traditional Approaches and Modern Choices

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-622
Author(s):  
Pan Dunmei
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Risk Society ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Entities

Crime committed by a legal entity is an unavoidable social phenomenon in the process of modern socio-economic development in different countries of the world. The crime of a legal entity in modern Chinese criminal law is called a corporate crime. Since the establishment of the people's Republic of China until 1979, only the criminal liability of individuals has been recognized in the field of Chinese criminal law and criminal law theory. Corporate criminal responsibility in the People's Republic of China was established in a completely new historical context: with the development of the commodity economy and market economy in the new China, corporate crimes appeared in public life and gradually spread in the middle and second half of the 1980s, so that regulation through laws became a requirement for the Chinese society to function normally. In this social context, the Standing Committee of the All-China People's Congress has passed a number of laws that provide for corporate crimes. Before the Criminal Code of the People's Republic of China came into force of in 1997, corporate crimes already accounted for about one third of all offences stipulated in specific criminal and non-criminal laws, which lead to the final establishment of corporate criminal responsibility in the new Criminal Code of China. The author analyzes the problem of criminal liability for corporate crimes in the criminal law of the People's Republic of China from the standpoint of traditional theory, as well as predicts the appropriate trends in the future development of theoretical approaches to bringing legal entities to criminal responsibility in a risk society. According to the author, in a risk society, effective prevention of risks in the activities of legal entities is inseparable from the efforts of legal entities themselves, and criminal law, as one of the tools for risk distribution, is aimed primarily not at punishment, but at increasing the motivation of legal entities to achieve this.

Reforming the Criminal Code of the People’s Republic of China: ambiguous de-cisions of the legislator

2021 ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Chuchaev
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China

The article describes the changes and additions to the Criminal Code of the People’s Republic of China during its operation (1997). Special attention is paid to Amendments No. 11, adopted on December 26, 2020, which, in fact, marked a change in the Chinese criminal law policy, including in determining the age of criminal responsibility, criminalization and penalization of a number of acts in various spheres of public life

scholarly journals CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Fedorov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
The Republic ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Legal Entities

The article is dedicated to the general issues of establishment of the criminal liability of legal entities in the Slovak Republic (Slovakia). Similarity of prerequisites for introduction of such liability in the Slovak Republic is noted. Gradual establishment of criminal liability of legal entities in Slovakia is noted, initially it was by means of amendment of the Criminal Code of Slovakia by Law No. 224/2010, which allows for using such “protective measures” as redemption and deprivation of property in relation to legal entities, then it was by means of adoption of Law No. 91/2016 on criminal liability of legal entities. Basic provisions of the Slovak law on criminal liability of legal entities are considered. The attention is paid to the fact that in the Slovak Republic there is a so-called selective criminalization as to the criminal liability of legal entities, when they can be held criminally liable not for all crimes specified in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovakia, but only for those of them, which are specified in the special Law No. 91/2016. A list of crimes, for which criminal liability is possible for legal entities, and conditions under which a crime is admitted to be committed by a legal entity, is specified. It is specified, which types of legal entities are foreseen by the Slovak law, and noted that not all of them can be the subjects of criminal liability according to the national laws. The effect of the criminal law is considered in relation to legal entities that have committed crimes in the territory of the Slovak Republic and outside it. The article contains the description of the types of criminal punishments of legal entities, which include: liquidation of the legal entity; deprivation of property; deprivation; penalty; prohibition to carry out activity; prohibition to receive subsidies and grants; prohibition to receive assistance and support from funds of the European Union; prohibition to participate in state procurement; publication of conviction.

Principles Of Law In Modern Criminal Law Of China: Historical And Legal Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
X. Shan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Principle Of Legality

The article looks into the evolution of the concept of “the principles of criminal law” in the legislation of the People’s Republic of China during the second half of the twentieth century. The principles of law are recognized as the normative foundations of law, which determine the general scope, main peculiarities and the most significant features of legal regulation. The article studies a number of definitions offered by some Chinese scientists who dealt with the theoretical and legal problems. The People’s Republic of China was created on October 1, 1949 against the background of destroyed economy, demoralized society, prevailing chaos and the unstructured nature of public authorities. In that period, no codified criminal law was in place. Some criminal acts of that time showed that any fundamental principles were included in the system of criminal legislation either. The first Criminal Code of the People’s Republic of China of 1979 did not mention any principles of law, whereas the Criminal Code of 1997 provided for three fundamental principles, which became the subject of our analysis. These are the principle of legality, also known as the principle of no punishment for doing something that is not prohibited by law (nullum crimen, nullum točka sine lege), the principle of equality of citizens before the law, the principle of conformity of criminal-legal measures to the nature and circumstances of crime. It is these principles that have been reflected in the current criminal code. Despite the amendments of criminal law introduced over the last few decades, the principles of law have remained unchanged. The conclusion to the publication makes a suggestion to introduce the general principle of humanism into in the General Provisions of the Criminal Code of China. The scholar believes that this principle should be recognized as the key principle of the criminal law of China, and will aim to ensure the democratic nature of Chinese criminal law.

scholarly journals THE HUNGARIAN LAWS ON BRINGING LEGAL ENTITIES TO CRIMINAL LIABILITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Fedorov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Criminal Procedure Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Entities

The article is dedicated to the issues of introduction of criminal liability of legal entities in Hungary. Attention is paid to the fact that the establishment of criminal liability of legal entities in this country has been largely caused by the need for bringing its national laws in compliance with the provisions of a number of acts of the European Union (EU) and its membership in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The Hungarian legal acts on criminal liability of legal entities are reviewed; the main of them are the special omnibus law On Measures Applicable to Legal Entities within the Framework of Criminal Law 2001 which came into effect on May 1, 2004, and contains provisions of criminal and criminal procedure law as well as the Hungarian Criminal Code 2012 which came into effect on July 1, 2013. It is indicated that under the Hungarian laws, a legal entity is a criminal liability subject criminal law measures are applicable to. At the same time, it is highlighted that not all legal entities can be held criminally liable. It is noted that criminal liability of legal entities is possible in case of any willful violation of the Hungarian Criminal Code by an individual acting in the interests of a legal entity in case of the presence of conditions stipulated by the law. Criminal law measures applicable to legal entities are named: liquidation, fine, restriction of activity. A conclusion is made that in Hungary, criminal liability of a legal entity is understood as application of criminal law measures to a legal entity by court in the course of a criminal procedure in the event of a willful crime (criminally punishable act) committed by an individual acting in the interests of the corresponding legal entity upon the presence of conditions stipulated by the law On Measures Applicable to Legal Entities within the Framework of Criminal Law 2001.

scholarly journals Criminal liability for committing crimes in the sphere intellectual property under the laws of foreign countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Yevheniia Nedohibchenko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Republic

Keywords: intellectual property, copyright and related rights, objects of industrialproperty, means of individualization, criminal liability, crimes against intellectualproperty The article providesan overview of individual articles of the criminal codes of Ukraine, the Republic ofLatvia, Georgia and the People's Republic of China. These articles have constituted crimes against intellectual property. Statistics on the number of sentences in cases ofinfringement of intellectual property rights in Ukraine for 10 years.The rapid development of science and technology in the 21st century is creatingnew impetus for scientific research. There is a need to update national legislation.New approaches to intellectual property protection continue to be sought around theworld. Issues of crime in the field of intellectual property are becoming relevant anddiscussed among scientists, authors, inventors.The author gives examples of the Criminal Codes of Ukraine, the Republic ofLatvia, Georgia, and the People's Republic of China. The experience of the People'sRepublic of China is logical, correct in legal terms.Intellectual property provides economic benefits. Ago crimes against intellectualproperty should be classified as economic. According to the author, the Ukrainian authoritieswill be faced with new demands from foreign partners, including the EU, tostrengthen the fight against crime in this area under the threat of significant internationaleconomic sanctions. The proposed changes are aimed at eliminating gaps inlegislation and avoiding errors in the application of the Criminal Code of Ukraine bylaw enforcement agencies.

scholarly journals LEGAL ENTITIES AS THE MAIN PARTICIPANTS IN BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN RUSSIA AND CHINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 134-158
Author(s):  
O. Berzin ◽  
E. Shliagina
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Entities

The legal entity is one of the most common forms of business activity in the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. The regulation of legal entities in Russia and China has changed in recent years, which makes the study of this issue especially relevant. This article explores and compares the concept of business activity, the system of legal entities and several types of particular legal entities in regard to companies found in Russia and China. The research concludes that the system of legal entities in the Russian Federation has an exhaustive regulation that facilitates the interpretation of the civil legislation and allows distinguishing the relevant characteristics of any type of organization. In China, there was no unified system of legal entities until 2017. While the General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China adopted in 2017 is a serious and important attempt to establish a system of legal entities, the law does not contain the essential characteristics of legal entities; additionally, a number of the provisions of the legal acts in force devoted to the regulation of the activities of legal entities have not yet been brought in line with the new law.

scholarly journals On the issue of introduction of criminal responsibility of juridical persons for corruption crimes

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Vyacheslavovich Fedorov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Entities

The article substantiates the author’s conclusion to the effect that the introduction of criminal liability of legal entities is a forecast tendency of Russian criminal law policy development, and exposes objective grounds for introducing such a liability. It points out that criminal responsibility of bodies corporate is established in many countries and required by international obligations of the Russian Federation. The article contains data on the charging of legal entities in the Russian Federation with an administrative offence of illegal gratuity on behalf of a legal entity (Article 19.28 of the Code of Administrative Offences) and formulates reasons pointing out the insufficient effectiveness of the existing institution of legal persons’ administrative liability for acts of that type.

Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons for Corruption-Related Crimes

10.12737/7249 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Александр Федоров ◽  
Aleksandr Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Entities

The article substantiates the author’s conclusion to the effect that the introduction of criminal liability of legal entities is a forecast tendency of Russian criminal law policy development, and exposes objective grounds for introducing such a liability. It points out that criminal responsibility of bodies corporate is established in many countries and required by international obligations of the Russian Federation. The article contains data on the charging of legal entities in the Russian Federation with an administrative offence of illegal gratuity on behalf of a legal entity (Article 19.28 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation) and formulates reasons pointing out the insufficient effectiveness of the existing institution of legal persons’ administrative liability for acts of that type.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
Александр Вячеславович ФЕДОРОВ
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Usual Procedure ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
General Part ◽  
Legal Entities

Статья посвящена вопросам введения уголовной ответственности юридических лиц на Украине. Рассматриваются попытки установления такой ответственности при подготовке нового Уголовного кодекса Украины и в дальнейшем путем принятия в 2009 г. специального уголовного закона об ответственности юридических лиц за совершение коррупционных преступлений. Украина стала первым из постсоветских государств, включившим такие нормы не в уголовный кодекс, а в специальный закон - комплексный нормативный правовой акт, содержащий нормы уголовного и уголовно-процессуального законодательства. Отмечается, что этот закон являлся действующим лишь 4 дня, и приводятся причины признания его утратившим силу. Повторно уголовная ответственность была установлена путем внесения в 2013 г. в Уголовный кодекс Украины изменений, согласно которым юридические лица признаются не субъектами уголовных правонарушений, а субъектами уголовной ответственности, заключающейся в применении судом в уголовно-процессуальном порядке мер уголовно-правового характера в отношении юридического лица. Применение таких мер возможно в случаях совершения уполномоченным физическим лицом уголовных правонарушений (преступлений и уголовных проступков), специально указанных в Общей части Уголовного кодекса Украины. Рассматриваются применяемые к юридическим лицам виды мер уголовно-правового характера: штраф, конфискация и ликвидация юридического лица. Приводятся правила применения к юридическим лицам мер уголовно-правового характера и основания для освобождения юридического лица от применения к нему таких мер. Отмечается, что уголовное судопроизводство по делам об уголовных правонарушениях, при совершении которых к юридическим лицам могут быть применены меры уголовно-правового характера, осуществляется в соответствии с обычной процедурой с учетом особенностей, предусмотренных Уголовно-процессуальным кодексом Украины. Дается краткая характеристика этих особенностей, в том числе указывается, что от имени юридического лица в уголовном процессе участвует его представитель. Рассматриваются его права и обязанности. The article is devoted to the issues of introducing criminal liability of legal entities in Ukraine. The article considers attempts to establish such liability in the preparation of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine and further by the adoption in 2009 of a special criminal law on liability of legal entities for committing corruption crimes. Ukraine became the first of the post-Soviet states to include such norms not in the criminal code, but in a special law - a comprehensive normative legal act containing the norms of criminal and criminal procedural legislation. It is noted that this law was in effect for only 4 days and the reasons for recognizing it as invalid are given. Criminal liability was re-established by introducing amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2013, according to which legal entities are recognized not as subjects of criminal offenses, but as subjects of criminal liability, which consists in the application by the court in the criminal procedural procedure of measures of a criminal-legal nature in relation to a legal entity. The application of such measures is possible in cases of committing by an authorized individual of criminal offenses (crimes and criminal offenses), specially specified in the General Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The types of measures of a criminal-legal nature applied to legal entities are considered: fines, confiscation and liquidation of a legal entity. The rules for the application of measures of a criminal-legal nature to legal entities and the grounds for exempting a legal entity from applying such measures to it are given. It is noted that criminal proceedings on cases of criminal offences in commission of which measures of criminal law nature can be applied to legal persons, is carried out in accordance with the usual procedure taking into account the peculiarities provided by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. A brief description of these peculiarities is given, including the fact that on behalf of a legal entity its representative participates in criminal proceedings. The rights and obligations of the representative are considered.

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