Competition of Tariff Regulation Models: Results of a Critical Analysis of the Draft Federal Law “On the Foundations of State Regulation of Prices (Tariffs)”

The key aspects of the draft federal law “On the fundamentals of state regulation of prices (tariffs)” submitted by FAS Russia to the Government of the Russian Federation on June 8, 2021 following the discussion of this draft law by the working group on the implemen- tation of the “regulatory guillotine” mechanism were considered.This draft law is an attempt to form the general part of the tariff legislation of the Russian Federation.The article also discusses an alternative model for regulating issues related to the setting of prices (tariffs) — the codification of tariff legislation, which would take into account both general and specific or industry-specific components of tariff regulation.As the most preferable solution to the problems considered in the article, the author proposes the simultaneous codification of competitive and tariff regulation, the result of which should be the simultaneous adoption of the Competition Code and the Tariff Code of the Russian Federation.

Criminal law tools of combatting transnational corruptive criminality

One of the most serious problems in the field of combating crime is the fight against transnational corruption crime. This type of crime already (de facto and de jure) exists as international crime and has a specific subject composition, geography of commission and complex objective reasons. The core of transnational corruption crime is bribery widely used by transnational corporations for achieving their corporate purposes. Combatting such crimes by means of criminal law is carried out at various levels: international, interregional, regional, subregional, bilateral, and domestic. The purpose of this article is to characterize transnational corruption, which is one of the forms of self-determination of crime. The article provides a comprehensive classification of corruption crimes based on various criminal law and criminological criteria. The author pays special attention to the fact that all transnational corruption crimes can be divided into main and auxiliary. At the same time, these two types of offences are often inseparable. The author proposes the main directions of criminal law impact on transnational corruption crime, which could be used in both the General part and Special part of criminal law. The methodology of the article is based on the laws of materialist dialectics. The article rests on a wide range of Russian and foreign sources of scientific, legal, statistical, sociological, and other nature. The author applied the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, systemic-structural method, logicallegal, and comparativelegal.

THE METHODS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF POSITIONING OF METALLIC DOWEL BARS IN JOINTS OF RIGID PAVEMENTS

Introduction. In the world-wide practice on construction of rigid road pavements significant attention has been given to jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP) with transverse joints strengthened by dowel bars. Performance of JPCP is sufficiently affected by right alignment and location of dowel bars thereby the methods of non-destructive testing of dowel bar positioning have been gain in great importance. This paper represents analytical review of methods of non-destructive testing of dowel bar alignment and location emphasizing an attention on standard method using magnetic pulse induction which is applicable to testing of metallic bar position in concrete pavements. General Part. In the general part of this paper, several main aspects of reviewed test method were analyzed: the classification of dowel bars misalignment and their impact on pavement performance; the comparison of implemented methods of non-destructive testing of dowel bar positioning; possibilities of method of magnetic impulse induction and an approach to analytical evaluation of transverse joints dowel bar misalignment using magnetic image tomography; the usage of results of testing of transverse joints dowel bar position to eliminate dowel bars misalignment; examples of predictive estimation of results of testing of transverse joints dowel bar position and their impact on performance of JPCP. The reviewed method of testing and test results estimation concerns practice on application of two levels of performance (e.g. acceptable level and rejectable level) to evaluate the performance of each individual dowel bar or each doweled transverse joint and also a section of rigid road pavement with several consecutive transverse joints with restricted performance. Conclusions. 1. World-wide implemented standard method of non-destructive testing of dowel bar alignment and location allows to detect and to eliminate dowel bars misalignment thus ensuring required load transfer efficiency and international roughness index of rigid road pavements. The estimation of road pavement sections with several consecutive joints considering each joint performance allows to ensure the designed service life of road pavement. 2. Standard method of non-destructive testing of dowel bar alignment and location for transverse joints of rigid road pavement using magnetic pulse induction developed by American Society for Testing and Materials assures high precision of measurement of metallic bar position in doweled bar of concrete pavement joints and enables to detect five types of dowel bar misalignment. 3. In connection with the intensification of issues on construction of rigid road pavements in Ukraine as well as the high importance of the considering test method, an important task should be the development and implementation of an appropriate national standard.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYTOPLANKTON DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CASPIAN IN SUMMER PERIOD

The article highlights the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of phytoplankton organisms in the water area of the Middle Caspian Sea studied by sections: the city of Makhachkala-cape Sagyndyk, the city of Derbent - cape Sandy, Divichi village - Kenderli bay in 2019-2020. The saprobity index and the corresponding saprobity zone of the studied areas have been determined. It has been found that the dominant group was presented by diatoms (43% of the total com-position). The subdominants were dinophytic algae. The basis of the ecological complex of 2019-2020 was made up of representatives of freshwater groups of algae. Only on the section of Divichi village - Kenderli bay there dominated the species of marine origin. Quantitative indicators of phy-toplankton, both in the Middle Caspian as a whole and by sections, in 2020 decreased compared to the previous year. The general part of the biomass was formed by a large diatom Pseudosolenia calcar-avis and representatives of the group of dinophytic algae. The leading role in the abundance figures of the Middle Caspian in 2020 was played by small-cell phytoplankton, mainly from diatoms - Thalassiosira hustedtii, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Aulacoseira granulate, species of the genus Fragilaria. The highest quantitative indicators of 2020 were noted in the section of the city of Makhachkala-cape Sagyndyk in the productive layer of 0-25 m. In 2019-2020, the saprobiological state of the waters of the Middle Caspian was characterized as moderately polluted

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN UKRAINE

Статья посвящена вопросам введения уголовной ответственности юридических лиц на Украине. Рассматриваются попытки установления такой ответственности при подготовке нового Уголовного кодекса Украины и в дальнейшем путем принятия в 2009 г. специального уголовного закона об ответственности юридических лиц за совершение коррупционных преступлений. Украина стала первым из постсоветских государств, включившим такие нормы не в уголовный кодекс, а в специальный закон - комплексный нормативный правовой акт, содержащий нормы уголовного и уголовно-процессуального законодательства. Отмечается, что этот закон являлся действующим лишь 4 дня, и приводятся причины признания его утратившим силу. Повторно уголовная ответственность была установлена путем внесения в 2013 г. в Уголовный кодекс Украины изменений, согласно которым юридические лица признаются не субъектами уголовных правонарушений, а субъектами уголовной ответственности, заключающейся в применении судом в уголовно-процессуальном порядке мер уголовно-правового характера в отношении юридического лица. Применение таких мер возможно в случаях совершения уполномоченным физическим лицом уголовных правонарушений (преступлений и уголовных проступков), специально указанных в Общей части Уголовного кодекса Украины. Рассматриваются применяемые к юридическим лицам виды мер уголовно-правового характера: штраф, конфискация и ликвидация юридического лица. Приводятся правила применения к юридическим лицам мер уголовно-правового характера и основания для освобождения юридического лица от применения к нему таких мер. Отмечается, что уголовное судопроизводство по делам об уголовных правонарушениях, при совершении которых к юридическим лицам могут быть применены меры уголовно-правового характера, осуществляется в соответствии с обычной процедурой с учетом особенностей, предусмотренных Уголовно-процессуальным кодексом Украины. Дается краткая характеристика этих особенностей, в том числе указывается, что от имени юридического лица в уголовном процессе участвует его представитель. Рассматриваются его права и обязанности. The article is devoted to the issues of introducing criminal liability of legal entities in Ukraine. The article considers attempts to establish such liability in the preparation of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine and further by the adoption in 2009 of a special criminal law on liability of legal entities for committing corruption crimes. Ukraine became the first of the post-Soviet states to include such norms not in the criminal code, but in a special law - a comprehensive normative legal act containing the norms of criminal and criminal procedural legislation. It is noted that this law was in effect for only 4 days and the reasons for recognizing it as invalid are given. Criminal liability was re-established by introducing amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2013, according to which legal entities are recognized not as subjects of criminal offenses, but as subjects of criminal liability, which consists in the application by the court in the criminal procedural procedure of measures of a criminal-legal nature in relation to a legal entity. The application of such measures is possible in cases of committing by an authorized individual of criminal offenses (crimes and criminal offenses), specially specified in the General Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The types of measures of a criminal-legal nature applied to legal entities are considered: fines, confiscation and liquidation of a legal entity. The rules for the application of measures of a criminal-legal nature to legal entities and the grounds for exempting a legal entity from applying such measures to it are given. It is noted that criminal proceedings on cases of criminal offences in commission of which measures of criminal law nature can be applied to legal persons, is carried out in accordance with the usual procedure taking into account the peculiarities provided by the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. A brief description of these peculiarities is given, including the fact that on behalf of a legal entity its representative participates in criminal proceedings. The rights and obligations of the representative are considered.

STUDY OF THE ATTITUDE TO HEALTH AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE OF RAILWAY WORKERS

The aim of the study is to identify risk factors that increase the likelihood of chronic non-communicable diseases in railway workers, as well as the state of conditions for employees to lead a healthy lifestyle. Materials and methods: The research was carried out by the method of online questionnaire of employees. A quota sample was used to select respondents. The total volume of online survey is 13,595 people or 1.5% of the staff of Russian Railways. Also interviewed were 1,531 employees of FPK JSC or 2.8% of the staff number of employees. The questionnaire contained a general part, passport part and questions on the main components of a healthy lifestyle, compiled on the basis of the STEPS toolkit. The results of the study: 29% to 71% of respondents adhere to the principles of rational nutrition. The absence of hypodynamy depending on the profession was revealed in no more than half of the respondents. Never smoked from 25% to 65% of workers. An excellent level of commitment to healthy lifestyle was noted in 25%...52% respondents. The largest number of employees who comply with the principles of healthy life is shown among electromechanics, economists, technologists and train crew workers.

Criminal law. General part

The textbook is prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, federal laws, international legal acts. The concepts, categories and institutions of the General Part of criminal Law are considered in detail. All changes in the criminal legislation have been taken into account, and the latest scientific, educational and methodological literature on criminal law has been used. The material is presented in an accessible form for effective assimilation of the training course. The publication contains regulatory legal material as of May 1, 2021. Meets the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation in the areas of training 40.03.01 "Jurisprudence", 40.05.01 "Legal support of national security", 40.05.02 "Law enforcement", 40.05.03 "Forensic examination", 40.05.04 "Judicial and prosecutorial activities". For students, cadets, trainees studying in these areas of training, judges, law enforcement officers, as well as for anyone interested in criminal law issues.

Provisional and Protective Measures

This chapter focuses on provisional and protective measures, which are important both in domestic and cross-border litigation to secure effective enforcement or to otherwise preserve rights and prevent (further) harm prior to the commencement of proceedings or pending final judgment. Part X of the European Rules of Civil Procedure consists of three Parts: a General Part (Section 1), which includes rules that apply to all types of measures, unless otherwise provided; a Special Part (Section 2), which includes rules on Asset Preservation, Regulatory Measures, Evidence Preservation, and Interim Payments; and a Cross-Border Part (Section 3), which primarily refers to existing legislation. Section 3 further provides a minimal number of general rules as it is not intended to provide a set of rules on the complex and multifaceted issue of cross-border provisional and protective measures. Principle 8 of the ALI/UNIDROIT Principles was the starting point for the development of Rules concerning provisional and protective measures. This Principle includes three basic rules: on function and proportionality (8.1); ex parte measures; (8.2); and compensation and security (8.3).

Judicial Review of Administrative Action: Europe and Latin America

This chapter provides a comparison of the discipline of judicial review of administrative action in Latin America and in Europe. In terms of judicial review in Latin America, international organizations did not exercise an 'integrative influence' as the Council of Europe and the European Union did in Europe. It may be said that the relative homogeneity of the systems of judicial review in Latin America is mainly the result of the cultural polity formed by many states resulting from the disintegration of the Spanish and Portuguese domains. The chapter then considers the main points of the general part of Professor Brewer-Carias's report on the discipline of judicial review of administrative action in Latin America, which shows a situation very similar to the European one. These include the nature of judicial review; administrative procedure and judicial review; procedural infringements; administrative appeals; monism and dualism; and judicial proceedings.

Technical graphics

The textbook contains three sections: general (theoretical foundations of images on one, two and three projections), mechanical engineering and technical drawing. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. It is recommended for training specialists in the professions of mechanical engineering and construction profiles. For practical tasks, the "Workbook on the first, general part of technical graphics" is intended (Moscow: INFRA-M, 2014. — www.dx.doi.org/10.12737/814) and "Collection of tasks on technical graphics" (Moscow: INFRA-M, 2014. — www.dx.doi.org/10.12737/994).