scholarly journals Protoplast cultures and protoplast fusion focused on Brassicaceae: A review

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 140-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Navrátilová
Keyword(s):  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Somatic Hybridization ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Transfer Genes ◽  
The Family ◽  
Selection Of

The subjects of this article are protoplast isolations and protoplast fusions, in particular their history, a review of factors influencing the protoplasts isolation and fusion, selection of hybrid plants and utilization of somatic hybrids in plant breed-ing. Somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion can overcome sexual incompatibility among plant species or genera; transfer genes of resistance to diseases (viral, bacterial, fungal), pests, herbicides and others stress factors; obtain cybrid plants; transfer cytoplasmic male sterility or incease content of secondary metabolites in hybrid plants. The article is focussed mainly on the family Brassicaceae because among representatives are significant crops for the human population. Various successful combination of intraspecific, interspecific and intergeneric protoplast fusion were reported between representatives of the family Brassicaceae with the genus Brassica which belonged to the first agricultural crops used for the isolation of protoplast.  

scholarly journals Male Sterility and Somatic Hybridization in Plant Breeding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Garcia ◽  
Alejandro Edera ◽  
Carlos Marfil ◽  
Maria Sanchez-Puerta
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Somatic Hybridization ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Restorer Of Fertility ◽  
Hybrid Seeds

Plant male sterility refers to the failure in the production of fertile pollen. It occurs spontaneously in natural populations and may be caused by genes encoded in the nuclear (genic male sterility; GMS) or mitochondrial (cytoplasmic male sterility; CMS) genomes. This feature has great agronomic value for the production of hybrid seeds and has been widely used in crops, such as corn, rice, wheat, citrus, and several species of the family Solanaceae. Mitochondrial genes determining CMS have been uncovered in a wide range of plant species. The modes of action of CMS have been classified in terms of the effect they produce in the cell, which ultimately leads to a failure in the production of pollen. Male fertility can be restored by nuclear-encoded genes, termed restorer-of-fertility (Rf) factors. CMS from wild plants has been transferred to species of agronomic interest through somatic hybridization. Somatic hybrids have also been produced to generate CMS de novo upon recombination of the mitochondrial genomes of two parental plants or by separating the CMS cytoplasm from the nuclear Rf alleles

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF SOMATIC HYBRIDS BETWEEN LYCOPERSICON HIRSUTUM AND L. ESCULENTUM.

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 713F-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Montagno ◽  
P.S. Jourdan ◽  
S. Z. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Iodoacetic Acid ◽  
Lycopersicon Hirsutum ◽  
Unilateral Incompatibility ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Intermediate Morphology ◽  
Fusion Products ◽  
Selection Of

Unilateral incompatibility has limited the direction of crossing between L. esculentum and L. hirsutum; the latter can only serve as the pollen parent. In an attempt to introduce the L. hirsutum cytoplasm into L. esculentum, thirty-three somatic hybrid plants have been regenerated following four separate fusions between leaf protoplasts of L. hirsutum PI 126445 and etiolated hypocotyl protoplasts of L. esculentum (`OH7870', `OH832', and `OH8245'). A 33% PEG solution supplemented with 10% DMSO was used as the fusogen. Selection of fusion products was based on treatment of L. hirsutum protoplasts with 1 mM iodoacetic acid and non-regenerability of the L. esculentum genotypes. Hybridity was initially confirmed by intermediate morphology, including leaf shape, type of trichomes, flower shape, stigma placement, and fruit size and color. Isozyme analysis for GOT, PGM, and 6-PDH verified hybridity. Six of the hybrids produced viable seed upon selfing. At least some of the hybrids contained chloroplast DNA from L. hirsutum, indicating that the wild species cytoplasm may be present in these plants.

Selection of monoploids for protoplast fusion and generation of intermonoploid somatic hybrids of potato

2001 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. T. Johnson ◽  
Suzanne M. Piovano ◽  
Vidya Ravichandran ◽  
Richard E. Veilleux
Keyword(s):  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals New Intergeneric Somatic Hybrids Combining Amblycarpa Mandarin with Six Trifoliate/Trifoliate Hybrid Selections for Lime Rootstock Improvement

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Medina-Urrutia ◽  
Karla Fabiola ◽  
Lopez Madera ◽  
Patricia Serrano ◽  
G. Ananthakrishnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Hybrid ◽  
Somatic Hybridization ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Size Controlling ◽  
Commercial Field

No presently available rootstock combines all the available rootstock attributes necessary for efficient long-term citriculture (production and harvesting) of Mexican limes and other commercially important scions. In the present study, somatic hybridization techniques were used to combine the widely adapted Amblycarpa mandarin (also known as Nasnaran mandarin) with six different trifoliate/trifoliate hybrid selections: Benton, Carrizo, and C-35 citranges; Flying Dragon and Rubidoux trifoliate oranges; and a somatic hybrid of sour orange + Flying Dragon. The ultimate goal of this research is to generate polyploid somatic hybrids that express the complementary horticultural and disease resistance attributes of the corresponding parents, and have direct potential as improved tree-size controlling rootstocks. Somatic hybrids from all six parental combinations were confirmed by a combination of leaf morphology, flow cytometry, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (for nuclear hybridity) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analyses (for mtDNA and cpDNA). This is the first report of citrus somatic hybridization using Amblycarpa mandarin. Unexpected hexaploid somatic hybrid plants were recovered from the fusion of Amblycarpa mandarin + C-35 citrange. Hexaploid hybrids should be very dwarfing and may have potential for producing potted ornamental citrus. Resulting somatic hybrid plants from all six combinations have been propagated by tissue culture and/or rooted cuttings and are being prepared for commercial field evaluation for their potential as improved rootstocks for Mexican lime and other important scions.

scholarly journals Molecular Analysis of Hypervirulent Somatic Hybrids of the Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana andBeauveria sulfurescens

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Viaud ◽  
Yvonne Couteaudier ◽  
Guy Riba
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Somatic Hybridization ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Host Insect

ABSTRACT Protoplast fusion of diauxotrophic mutants of a Beauveria bassiana entomopathogenic strain (Bb28) and a Beauveria sulfurescens toxinogenic strain (Bs2) produced hybrids which were significantly different from the parents in pathogenicity. Some of the hybrids were hypervirulent and killed insects more quickly than the Bb28 strain, probably because these hybrids had acquired the toxic activity of the Bs2 strain. By using six nuclear genes and a telomeric fingerprint probe, the molecular structures of the hybrids were studied. The results demonstrated the occurrence of parasexual events. Hybrids appeared to be diploid or aneuploid, with portions of the genome being heterozygous. A mitochondrial molecular marker indicated homoplasmy of the hybrids and inheritance of mitochondria from strain Bs2 or Bb28. The pathogenicities and the ploidies of the hybrids remained stable after passage through the host insect, showing that somatic hybridization provides an attractive method for the genetic improvement of biocontrol efficiency in the genus Beauveria.

scholarly journals Recent Progress using Somatic Hybridization and Cybridization in Efforts to Develop High Quality Seedless Mandarin Hybrids

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1104C-1104
Author(s):  
Jude Grosser ◽  
Milicia Calovic ◽  
Patricia Serrano ◽  
Fred Gmitter ◽  
J. L. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Somatic Hybridization ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Satsuma Mandarin ◽  
Kinnow Mandarin

The international fresh citrus market now demands high-quality, seedless fruit that must also be easy to peel for consumer convenience, especially when considering new mandarin varieties. High quality varieties that historically perform well in Florida are generally seedy. Florida is therefore losing market-share to `Clementine' and other seedless varieties produced in Mediterranean climates, including Spain, Morocco, and California. In our ongoing program, somatic hybridization and cybridization via protoplast fusion are now playing a key role in strategies to develop competitive seedless mandarin hybrids adapted to Florida. Somatic hybridization is being used to combine elite diploid parents to produce high quality allotetraploid breeding parents that can be used in interploid crosses to generate seedless triploids. Several thousand triploid mandarin hybrids have been produced under the direction of F.G. Gmitter, Jr. Some of our allotetraploid somatic hybrids are producing fruit with direct cultivar potential, i.e., 'Valencia' sweet orange + `Murcott' tangor. New somatic hybrids produced in our program will be discussed, including `Page' tangor + `Dancy' mandarin, `Page' tangor + `Kinnow' mandarin, and `Hamlin' sweet orange + LB8-9 tangelo. Somatic cybridization is being used to transfer CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) from the seedless `Satsuma' mandarin to other seedy varieties via mtDNA transfer, in efforts to make them seedless. New somatic cybrids produced in our program that contain the `Satsuma' CMS include `Murcott' tangor and `Kinnow' mandarin. Details of these results and other progress will be discussed.

Genetic complementation by somatic hybridization between pantothenate- and adenine-requiring auxotrophs of Datura innoxia P. Mill.

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1022-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Praveen K. Saxena ◽  
Masahiro Mii ◽  
John King
Keyword(s):  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Somatic Hybridization ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Cell ◽  
Parental Cell ◽  
Datura Innoxia ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
Initial Culture ◽  
Fusion Products

Auxotrophic complementation was achieved by protoplast fusion between two auxotrophic cell lines of Datura innoxia P. Mill. that required either pantothenate or adenine for their growth. Protoplast fusion was induced by polyethylene glycol enriched with calcium chloride at pH 6.8. Initial culture of fusion products in nonselective conditions increased the total number of somatic hybrids finally recovered under selective conditions. In addition to the prototrophy, the somatic hybrids regained the ability to turn green and some the ability to regenerate shoots on a cytokinin-supplemented medium. Both the parental cell lines grew as pale white callus without showing any sign of organogenesis, irrespective of the type and concentration of the cytokinin used. Approximately all the parental chromosomes (176 ± 8) were retained by the hybrid cell lines.Key words: protoplast, complementation, Datura.

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