scholarly journals REMAINS OF BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS L.) FROM THE KANINSKAYA CAVE SANCTUARY IN THE NORTHERN URALS

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Kosintsev ◽  
O. P. Bachura ◽  
V. S. Panov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
The Bronze Age

Fossil remains of brown bear from Kaninskaya cave in the northern Ural are described. They were accumulated during the Late Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, and Late Iron Age as a result of human activity. We analyze the composition of skeletal elements and the nature of their fragmentation. Sex and age of individuals whose bones were apparently used in rituals are assessed, and the seasonality of these ceremonies is evaluated. The main object of ceremonial actions during all chronological periods was the head. Crania and mandibles were cracked into several parts according to one and the same fashion. Other skeletal parts were used much less often. Most postcranial bones were likewise broken into several pieces. Such practices differ from modern Ob Ugrian bear rituals. In the Bronze Age, heads of adult male and female bears were used, and the ceremonies were performed mainly in winter, less often in summer and autumn, and very rarely in spring. In the Iron Age, too, heads of adult animals, mostly males, were used, and ceremonies were held throughout the year but more often in summer and in winter. Seasonal bear rites were not practiced. Certain elements of rites, differing from those of modern Ob Ugrians, are reconstructed. Modern Ob Ugrian bear rituals were formed in the Late Iron Age.

scholarly journals Past distribution of Ursus arctos in Bulgaria: fossil and subfossil records (Carnivora: Ursidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Zlatozar Boev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Scattered Data ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Mountain Regions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Bronze Age

The paper summarizes numerous scattered data from the last 120 years on the former distribution of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Bulgaria. Data from 52 (13 fossil and 39 subfossil) sites (from the Middle Pleistocene to the 19th century AD) are presented. The brown bear former distribution was much wider than the present occurrence. The species range covered the whole territory of the country, including mountain regions, as well as vast lowland and plain landscapes. The geographical, altitudinal and chronological distribution are presented and analyzed. The record from the Kozarnika Cave (1.000,000–700,000 years BP) is one of the earliest records of this species in Europe. About 73% of the localities are situated between 100 and 500 m a. s. l. Twelve sites contain Paleolithic finds, one Mesolithic, 14 Neolithic, six Chalcolithic, five from the Bronze Age, and two from the Iron Age. The remaining 12 subrecent sites are dated to the last ca. 2,400 years. Most of the species findings came from archeological sites – prehistoric and ancient settlements. The distribution of Ursus arctos once covered the entire territory of the country, including the vast regions such as Ludogorie, Dobruja, the Danube Lowland, the Upper Thracian Lowland, as well as the Sakar, Strandja, Sredna Gora, and the Predbalkan Mts.

Unraveling the Occupation History of the Cremation Cemetery at Wijnegem/Blikstraat (Belgium)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1645-1656
Author(s):  
Guy De Mulder ◽  
Mark Van Strydonck ◽  
Mathieu Boudin ◽  
Ignace Bourgeois
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTRecently a cremation cemetery was excavated at the site of Wijnegem where 29 cremation graves and 9 funerary monuments were uncovered. Thirty radiocarbon (14C) dates were carried out, mostly on cremated bone but also 10 charcoal samples were dated. Twenty-four cremations were studied. Four ring ditches were dated by charcoal samples from the infill of the ditch. The 14C dates showed an interesting long-term occupation of the cemetery. Different phases were ascertained. The history of the cemetery starts in the northern part of the site around a circular funerary monument. Two cremations were dated at the transition of the Early to Middle Bronze Ages. Two other graves represent the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Ages. The main occupation period dates between the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Finally, an isolated cremation grave marks the definite abandonment of the site during the Late Iron Age.

Mervyn Reddaway Popham 1927–2000

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Cadogan
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Evidential Basis

Mervyn Popham was a questioning, quiet person, driven by an uncompromising honesty to find the truth, and always ready to doubt accepted explanations or any theory-driven archaeology for which he could find no evidential basis. He was probably the most percipient archaeologist of the Late Bronze Age of Crete and the Aegean to have worked in the second half of the 20th century, and became almost as important in the archaeology of the Early Iron Age, which succeeded the Bronze Age. In his archaeology he took an analytical-empirical approach to what he saw as fundamentally historical problems, reaching unprecedented peaks of intelligent, and commonsensical, refinement.

Status and Violence

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
La Tène ◽  
La Tene

This chapter focuses on sword and scabbards. Swords were important visual objects, larger than most other objects in Bronze and Iron Age Europe, and their shape made them visually striking. Two parts of the sword were especially important in this regard. In the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, the hilt and pommel were often the vehicles for elaborate eye-catching ornament. When a sword was in its scabbard, whether worn at the side of the bearer, hanging on a wall, or placed in the burial chamber, the only parts of the weapon that were visible were the handle and its end. During the Middle and Late Iron Age, the scabbard became especially important as a vehicle for decorative elaboration. Bronze and Early Iron Age scabbards were mostly made of wood, and we do not, therefore have much information about how they were decorated. From the end of the Early La Tène period on, however, swords were long, and scabbards of bronze and iron offered extensive rectangular surfaces for decoration.

scholarly journals The Post-dolmen Horizon in the Northwest Caucasus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.Р. Эрлих
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Terminal Stage ◽  
The Bronze Age

Статья посвящена предварительной публикации археологического комплекса Шушук в Майкопском районе Республики Адыгея. Открытые в результате охранно-спасательных работ погребения и слой поселения пока не имеют близких аналогий на Северо-Западном Кавказе. Данный памятник относится к периоду между дольменной культурой эпохи средней и поздней бронзы и протомеотской группой памятников эпохи раннего железа. Автор предлагает для памятников данного типа термин «постдольменный горизонт», относит их к эпохе финальной бронзы и предварительно датирует в пределах второй половины II тыс. до н. э. The paper is devoted to preliminary publication of an archaeological site known as Shushuk in the Maykop district, Republic of Adygeya. In the course of rescue archaeological works graves and a cultural deposit of a settlement. At present no close analogies for the discovered site may be pointed to in the Northwest Caucuses. This site dates from the period between the dolmen culture of the Middle and Late Bronze Age and the proto-Maeotian group of sites of the Early Iron Age. The author suggests the following term to denote the sites of this type, namely, the post-dolmen horizon, and attributes them to the terminal stage of the Bronze Age (second half of II – beginning of I mill. BC).

scholarly journals Nordic and Celtic: religion in southern Scandinavia during the late bronze age and early iron age

1990 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 329-343
Author(s):  
Marianne Görman
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
The Bronze Age

By means of modern archeological research it is today possible to gain much information even from non-written material, This paper covers the late bronze age and early iron age, ca. 1000 B.C. —O. It is based on material from Denmark, the Southwest of Sweden, and the Southeast of Norway. This region formed a cultural unity since the sea bound the area together. Our main sources of knowledge of Nordic religion during this time span are votive offerings and rock-carvings. During the bronze age and early iron age the Nordic peasant population had intensive contacts with the Southeastern and Centralparts of Europe. A great quantity of imported objects bear evidence of widespread connections. The inhabitants of the Nordic area not only brought home objects, but also ideas and religious conceptions. This is clearly reflected in the iconography. The cultures with which connections were upheld and from which ideas were introduced were those of Hallstatt and La Tène. They were both Celtic iron age cultures prospering in Central Europe at the same time as the late bronze age and early iron age in the Nordic area. This means that the new symbols in the Nordic area come from a Celtic environment. Consequently, Celtic religion such as it may be found in the pre-Roman period, can clarify the meaning of the conceptions, linked with these symbols.

Excavation of a prehistoric enclosure at Mar Hall, Bishopton, Renfrewshire

2012 ◽  
Vol 34-35 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Cavers ◽  
Victoria Clements ◽  
Sarah Lynchehaun
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Two Phases

Remains of a multi-palisaded and ditched enclosure were identified during an archaeological watching brief and evaluation carried out in July 2007. In accordance with planning conditions an archaeological excavation was subsequently undertaken between August and December 2007, on behalf of Mar Estates Ltd. The excavation identified two phases of construction at the enclosure, the multiple palisades and entrance dating to the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age and a large ditch dating to the Middle-Late Iron Age. A Bronze Age burnt mound was found nearby.

Death, Decapitation and Display? The Bronze and Iron Age Human Remains from the Sculptor's Cave, Covesea, North-east Scotland

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 251-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Armit ◽  
Rick Schulting ◽  
Christopher J. Knüsel ◽  
Ian A.G. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
North East ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Ams Dating ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Apparent Evidence

Excavations at the Sculptor's Cave (north-east Scotland) during the 1930s and 1970s yielded evidence for activity in the Late Bronze Age, Late Iron Age, and early medieval periods, including a substantial human skeletal assemblage with apparent evidence for the removal, curation, and display of human heads. The present project, combining osteological analysis and a programme of AMS dating, aimed to place the surviving human remains from the site into their appropriate chronological context and to relate them to the broader sequence of human activity in the cave. A series of AMS determinations has demonstrated that the human remains fall into two distinct chronological groups separated by a millennium or more: one from the Mid-Late Bronze Age and one from the Late Iron Age. Osteological analysis suggests that while the Bronze Age group may, as previously suggested, include the remains of the heads of juveniles formerly displayed at the cave entrance, this was not the sole mechanism by which human remains arrived in the cave at this time. The Late Iron Age group provides evidence for decapitation and other violent treatments within the cave itself.

scholarly journals Bolshepanyushevo-1 — a new settlement of the Late Bronze Age in the Aleiskaya steppe (lifting collections of ceramics in 2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
I. A. Savko ◽  
◽  
A. N. Telegin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Affiliation ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Monument

The article publishes materials of the settlement, opened in the vicinity of the village of Bolshepanyushevo in 2020. The archaeological monument is located on the floodplain of the river. Alei, overlapping with a thick layer of river sediments. The most representative collection of finds from collections of fragments of vessels, which were divided into several groups: ceramics of the Irmen and Sargarin-Alekseevsk culture (including the hybrid Irmen-Sargarin), as well as ceramics of the Early Iron Age and uncertain cultural affiliation. The bulk of the material is dated to the final period of the Bronze Age (end of the 2nd millennium BC). Currently, it is an immune organism to the Alei River.

The land of Hiyawa (Que) revisited

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
New Information ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The Bronze Age

AbstractThe focus of this article is the recently published, near-duplicate ARSUZ inscriptions carved on two stelae found near İskenderun in southeastern Turkey and dating to the later tenth century BC. Particular attention is given to the historical section of these inscriptions, and its reference to a land called Hiyawa (Assyrian Que) in eastern Cilicia, previously attested in only one other Iron Age inscription, the Luwian-Phoenician bilingual found at Çineköy near Adana. The article discusses what new information can be deduced about Hiyawa, including its relationship with the land of Adana(wa) in eastern Cilicia, the implications to be drawn from the findspot of the stelae and the much-debated question of whether the references to Hiyawa reflect Greek settlement in southeastern Anatolia during the Early Iron Age. Fresh attention is also given to the two Akkadian texts from the archives of Late Bronze Age Ugarit which refer to a group called the Hiyawa-men, who were located at that time (late 13th to early 12th century) in Lukka in southwestern Anatolia. The controversial identification of this group with Ahhiyawans/Mycenaean Greeks is re-examined within the broader context of a comprehensive reconsideration of the Ahhiyawa-Hiyawa equation and the role played by ‘Hiyawans’ and the land of Hiyawa in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean world from the end of the Bronze Age through the succeeding Iron Age.

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