scholarly journals SUBSTITUTE OFFERING: AN OB UGRIAN RITUAL TRADITION SURVIVING IN THE 20TH AND EARLY 21ST CENTURY

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
A. V. Baulo
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Pencil Drawing

The substitute offering is a little known ritual practice described by Artturi Kannisto among the northern Khanty and Mansi in the early 1900s, and by the Novosibirsk ethnographers in 1985–2017. Substitution was practiced in case of the offeror’s illness, absence of a requisite domestic animal or unsuccessful hunt. In such cases, instead of actual animals, their effi gies were offered to the patron spirits—fi gurines of horses, reindeer, cows, sheep, and cocks cut from birch-bark or cast of lead; alternatively, purchased toys were offered. A substitute could be a pencil drawing or an embroidered fi gure of a horse on cloth. The specifi c substitute was normally prescribed by a shaman; it had to be made only by someone unrelated to and older than the supposed offeror. The effi gy and the prayer to the deity, accompanying the offering, are described. Animal effi gies were kept in sacral trunks, attached to the clothes of patron spirits, tied into the corners of head cloths and ribbons of covers to be offered. The combined version of the substitute offering includes hitherto unknown representations of a head cloth, a coat or robe, cut from birch-bark.

scholarly journals Фотообразы буддистов Бурятии

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-833
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Bazarov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Comparative Reconstruction

Goals. The paper examines the issue of visual images in the everyday ritual practice of ordinary Buddhists in Buryatia. The relevance of studying rare Buddhist photographs as a historical and cultural source cannot be questioned, since this perspective reveals unknown aspects in the formation of Buryat identity and the role of Buddhism in this process. Materials. The work investigates the collection of rare photographs at the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies (Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and photographs of the ritual complex ‘khoimor-gungurba’ collected during expeditions of the 1950-1970s and in the early 21st century. Results. A method (metalanguage) of describing Buddhist photo images was developed during preliminary works to clarify the mechanism of actualizing this material in Buddhist discourse, including elements as follows: a mechanism of image selection; cultural context; ritual and social goals; nature of materials; registration of believers’ reactions to visual images. The paper shows a close relationship between the local visual practice of Buddhists and the formation of Buryat identity from the late 19th towards the 21st century, which is concluded from a comparative analysis of the two databases. After a comparative reconstruction of the structures of the collections, the work argues that the everyday ritual practice of praying before these photos is an important aspect in the formation of local identity. The most interesting finding of the study is that pre-revolutionary images of Buryat Lamas are central in the culture of the photo-visual practices of Buryat Buddhists nowadays. The comparative analysis confirmed that a fundamental change in the transmission of the Buddhist tradition in Buryatia, social changes, and the economic situation led to a change in the development of the traditional Buddhist culture of the Buryats that currently prioritizes autocephaly and the preservation of ethnic identity.

Pūjā

Hinduism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Foulston
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Regional Context ◽  
Animal Sacrifice ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Central Aspect ◽  
Fundamental Part ◽  
Online Presence ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence

The term pūjā is most commonly translated as worship but also means offering and is replete with meaning and inference. Although strictly speaking, pūjā, in a Hindu context, denotes honor and ritual offerings to deities, its ubiquitous presence means that it appears in numerous festivals and as part of other rituals. In most cases it involves making offerings, literal or figuratively, to a divinity or an aspect of the divine. While most often found in discussions of Hindu ritual, it is distinct from yajña (vedic sacrifice) and from bali (animal sacrifice), though it may well accompany the latter. It is one of the aspects that creates a connection between seemingly disparate aspects of what is usually referred to as Hinduism. It is perhaps the most fundamental and central aspect of Hindu ritual practice. In some instances, it is very simple, whereas in other situations it can be very complex. The range of occasions where pūjā predominates is wide ranging and numerous. From a shrine set up in a kitchen with a ritual undertaken by the householder during Domestic Pūjā to a complex ritual mediated by priests during Temple Pūjā, what connects them is that at the heart of the ritual practice, there will be found pūjā. In reality, pūjā is a rather wide term that encompasses many variations and is also subject to its cultural and regional context. Therefore, this article has sought to capture, in its many sections, the diversity of situations where pūjā rituals play a fundamental part. These range from Popular Pūjā, practiced widely and generally not orthodox, to Cyber Pūjā, a phenomenon that has seen considerable growth in the early 21st century. Although prescriptions for Hindu pūjā may appear in sacred texts, as a ritual it is fluid and also lends itself very well to an online presence, especially since Hinduism is a predominantly a visual religion.

THE END OF BETTERMENT ACCOUNTING: A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC, PROFESSIONAL, AND REGULATORY FACTORS THAT FOSTERED STANDARDS CONVERGENCE IN THE U.S. RAILROAD INDUSTRY, 1955–1983

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan R. Heier ◽  
A. Lee Gurley
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Interstate Commerce Commission ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Railroad Industry ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Securities Industry ◽  
Arthur Andersen ◽  
The U.S

On January 26, 1983, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) announced that it would require all railroads under its regulatory jurisdiction to change from Retirement-Replacement-Betterment (RRB) accounting, to a more theoretically sound depreciation accounting for matching revenues and expenses. The change was needed because RRB did not allow for the recapture of track investment, leaving the railroads with limited capital to replace aging track lines. Over the previous three decades, it had become painfully obvious to everyone that the industry's economic woes were the result of archaic accounting procedures that lacked harmony with the rest of American accounting standards, but the ICC was reluctant to change until new tax legislation in the early 1980s forced the issue. The decision was a culmination of a debate that started in the mid-1950s when Arthur Andersen, with the help of the securities industry, began an effort to harmonize railroad and industry standards using arguments that mirror those supporting the international accounting harmonization efforts of the early 21st century.

Outlining a grammaticalization path for the Spanish formula en plan (de): A contribution to crosslinguistic pragmatics

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543-1579
Author(s):  
Paula Rodríguez-Abruñeiras
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
The Early 21St Century

AbstractThis article discusses the diachronic development of the Spanish multifunctional formula en plan (with its variant en plan de, literally ‘in plan (of)’ but usually equivalent to English like). The article has two main aims: firstly, to describe the changes that the formula has undergone since its earliest occurrences as a marker in the nineteenth century up to the early 21st century. The diachronic study evinces a process of grammaticalization in three steps: from noun to clause adverbial and then to discourse marker. Secondly, to conduct a contrastive analysis between en plan (de) and the English markers like and kind of/kinda so as to shed new light on the potential existence of a universal pathway of grammaticalization in the emergence of discourse markers.

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