scholarly journals Study of Neurocognitive Processes in a Paradigm of Information Concealment

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-39
Author(s):  
Yu.I. Kholodny ◽  
D.G. Malakhov ◽  
V.A. Orlov ◽  
S.I. Kartashov ◽  
Y.I. Alexandrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Practice Test ◽  
Forensic Practice ◽  
Simultaneous Registration ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
Evaluation Of Data

The work contains a brief overview of the results of a series of experiments using the methods of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and simultaneous registration of vegetative reactions using MRI-compatible polygraph (MRIcP), reflects the next stage in the development of domestic applied — forensic — psychophysiology and states the formation of a new — neuro-forensic — direction of neurobiological research. The work announces the creation of a technology for complex fMRI-MRIcP neurocognitive researches, promising for use in the interests of fundamental science and for a number of branches of practice. Here are the results of testing the effectiveness of this technology of fMRI-MRIcP research, performed on students of a technical university (23 male participants aged 22-23 years old). The experiments used, borrowed from forensic practice, “test with a hidden name” and “test for knowing the guilty”, simulating the concealment of personally significant information (stored in a person’s memory for decades) and situation- ally significant information (entered into a person’s memory an hour before experiment). An analysis of galvanic skin reactions and reactions in photoplethysmogram was carried out using a system for quantitative assessment of physiological data recorded using MRIcP during the simultaneous registration of fMRI. The high consistency of expert scoring and automatic quantitative assessment of polygrams has been confirmed, and ways to improve the automatic evaluation of data have been identified. The usefulness of the application of the system for quantitative assessment of physiological data and the method of “specifying the sample” (carried out with the help of MRIcP) for studying the functional connectivity of the brain areas when hiding personally and situationally significant information in selected forensic tests is shown.

scholarly journals Environmental Consistency Modulation of Error Sensitivity During Motor Adaptation is Explicitly Controlled

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Avraham ◽  
Matan Keizman ◽  
Lior Shmuelof
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Error Sensitivity ◽  
Visuomotor Task ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

AbstractMotor adaptation, the adjustment of sensorimotor representations in face of changes in the environment, may operate at different rates. When human participants encounter repeated or consistent perturbations, their corrections for the experienced errors are larger compared to when the perturbations are new or inconsistent. Such modulations of error sensitivity were traditionally considered to be an implicit process that does not require attentional resources. In recent years, the implicit view of motor adaptation is challenged by evidence showing a contribution of explicit strategies to learning. These findings raise a fundamental question regarding the nature of the error sensitivity modulation processes. We tested the effect of explicit control on error sensitivity in a series of experiments, in which participants controlled a screen cursor to virtual targets. We manipulated environmental consistency by presenting rotations in random (low consistency) or random walk (high consistency) sequences, and illustrated that perturbation consistency affects the rate of adaptation, corroborating previous studies. When participants were instructed to ignore the cursor and move directly to the target, thus, eliminating the contribution of explicit strategies, consistency-driven error sensitivity modulation was abolished. In addition, delaying the visual feedback, a manipulation that affects implicit learning, did not influence error sensitivity under consistent perturbations. These results suggest that increases of learning rate in consistent environments are attributable to an explicit rather than implicit process in sensorimotor adaptation.Significant StatementWhen experiencing an error in a motor task (e.g., missing a basketball shot in a windy day), the motor system modifies its next action based on environmental consistency (how frequent the changes in wind’s direction and strength are). It is unknown whether this process is driven by an implicit and automatic process, or by an explicit process that employs cognitive strategies. We examined these possibilities in a simple visuomotor task by perturbing the feedback in each trial with different consistency levels, and manipulating the use of implicit and explicit processes. We found that participants increase their sensitivity to errors in consistent environments when employing explicit strategies, and do not change their behavior when the implicit process is operating alone.

scholarly journals Quantitative Assessment of Chronic Skin Reactions Including Erythema and Pigmentation after Breast Conserving Therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Miho Kawashima ◽  
Miwako Nozaki ◽  
Kazuhiro Komazaki ◽  
Ryuko Yamamuro ◽  
Kazuo Ishizuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Breast Conserving Therapy ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Chronic Skin

scholarly journals Environmental consistency modulation of error sensitivity during motor adaptation is explicitly controlled

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Avraham ◽  
Matan Keizman ◽  
Lior Shmuelof
Keyword(s):  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
External Perturbation ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Error Sensitivity ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Implicit System ◽  
Feedback Sensitivity ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
High Consistency

Motor adaptation, the adjustment of a motor output in face of changes in the environment, may operate at different rates. When human participants encounter repeated or consistent perturbations, their corrections for the experienced errors are larger compared with when the perturbations are new or inconsistent. Such modulations of error sensitivity were traditionally considered to be an implicit process that does not require attentional resources. In recent years, the implicit view of motor adaptation has been challenged by evidence showing a contribution of explicit strategies to learning. These findings raise a fundamental question regarding the nature of the error sensitivity modulation processes. We tested the effect of explicit control on error sensitivity in a series of experiments, in which participants controlled a screen cursor to virtual targets. We manipulated environmental consistency by presenting rotations in random (low consistency) or random walk (high consistency) sequences and illustrated that perturbation consistency affects the rate of adaptation, corroborating previous studies. When participants were instructed to ignore the cursor and move directly to the target, thus eliminating the contribution of explicit strategies, consistency-driven error sensitivity modulation was not detected. In addition, delaying the visual feedback, a manipulation that affects implicit learning, did not influence error sensitivity under consistent perturbations. These results suggest that increases of learning rate in consistent environments are attributable to an explicit rather than implicit process in sensorimotor adaptation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The consistency of an external perturbation modulates error sensitivity and the motor response. The roles of explicit and implicit processes in this modulation are unknown. We show that when humans are asked to ignore the perturbation, they do not show increased error sensitivity in consistent environments. When the implicit system is manipulated by delaying feedback, sensitivity to a consistent perturbation does not change. Overall, our results suggest that consistency affects adaptation mainly through explicit control.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF SOLVING THE QUESTION AS TO DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHT OF A PERSON BY SHOE BOTTOM TRACES DETECTED AT THE CRIME SCENE

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-348
Author(s):  
A. Chekan ◽  
T. Khomyak
Keyword(s):  
Crime Scene ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Trace Evidence ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Height Range ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Forensic Practice ◽  
Human Height ◽  
Real Value ◽  
The Right

Human footprints and footwear traces were one of the first well-studied forensic objects of examination. This is due to the fact that these traces are most often found at the scene of the incident, as well as by the fact that they contain most valuable and significant information needed for criminal investigation. Forensic examination of footprints and footwear traces of a person are among the most common trace evidence examinations encountered in practice, and defining a human height based on footprints is relevant and important in terms of obtaining primary (up-to-date), and later evidentiary information for a successful investigation and crime detection. The approximate height of a person, as indicated in the current trace evidence literature, can be established by using a certain number of the most common methods, one of which is to establish height by the total length of the trace. However, the existing today methods for calculating human height by foot traces (footprints) have certain disadvantages, which are mentioned in this article. The article purpose is to analyze current known methods and techniques for determining human height by footwear (feet) traces, conducting practical research on a given topic, indicating objective defects and the presence of a number of errors that are not taken into account while calculations, formulation of a reasonable conclusion based on the analyzed results of an examination. In the course of the analysis of forensic practice, a number of problematic issues was identified that make it difficult to objectively determine a person’s height by footwear traces, namely: non-conformity between the real value of human height and the height value calculated according to the most common formulas given in the forensic literature; non-compliance with standards by manufacturers while the production of shoes; lack of catalogues on shoe production, information on trace formation and the environment when examining a crime scene. All the above factors have a significant impact on the establishment of real human height by foot traces (footprints), and the absence or variability of at least one of these indicators leads to significant differences in the final values. Our research has shown that each individual foot length corresponds to not one, but several height indicators at once. At the same time the limit intervals of the height range are not the same for all foot lengths (3-20 cm for men and 6-20 cm for women). The above-mentioned discrepancies in the data are unacceptable while criminal investigation for the persons involved in crimes commission. The methods of establishing a person’s height described in the forensic literature are imperfect and require modification or revision. The conducted analysis indicates the necessity for further research on correlation dependence of the foot length and a person height taking into account all variables of indicators which have been listed above, since the efficiency of the way for establishing a person height by foot and footwear traces will depend on the right adjustment of the given parameter.

Practical Realization of a Reference System for Earth Dynamics by Satellite Methods

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 341-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Anderle ◽  
M. C. Tanenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Pole Position ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Crustal Motion ◽  
Average Reference ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractObservations of artificial earth satellites provide a means of establishing an.origin, orientation, scale and control points for a coordinate system. Neither existing data nor future data are likely to provide significant information on the .001 angle between the axis of angular momentum and axis of rotation. Existing data have provided data to about .01 accuracy on the pole position and to possibly a meter on the origin of the system and for control points. The longitude origin is essentially arbitrary. While these accuracies permit acquisition of useful data on tides and polar motion through dynamio analyses, they are inadequate for determination of crustal motion or significant improvement in polar motion. The limitations arise from gravity, drag and radiation forces on the satellites as well as from instrument errors. Improvements in laser equipment and the launch of the dense LAGEOS satellite in an orbit high enough to suppress significant gravity and drag errors will permit determination of crustal motion and more accurate, higher frequency, polar motion. However, the reference frame for the results is likely to be an average reference frame defined by the observing stations, resulting in significant corrections to be determined for effects of changes in station configuration and data losses.

Author response for "Quantitative assessment of amygdala in macaca fascicularis monkeys"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José‐Carlos Delgado‐González ◽  
Carlos‐de‐la Rosa Prieto ◽  
Nuria Vallejo‐Calcerrada ◽  
Diana‐Lucía Tarruela‐Hernández ◽  
Sandra Cebada‐Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Author Response
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