scholarly journals Asymmetry of reinforcing properties of the lateral hypothalamus in the self-stimulation test

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Nikolay S Efimov ◽  
Yulia N Bessolova ◽  
Inessa V Karpova ◽  
Andrei A Lebedev ◽  
Petr D Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
The Self ◽  
Stimulation Test ◽  
Reinforcing Agent ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the protocols of modern pharmacological studies of a self-stimulation reaction in rodents, stimulating electrodes are implanted as a rule unilaterally. The reinforcing properties of the left and right hypothalamus were suggested to be identical. The aim of the study was to clear up if the possibilities of the left and right hypothalamus to produce self-stimulation are similar or not. Methods. The study was carried out on adult male Wistar rats. The electrodes were implanted into the lateral hypothalamus bilaterally. The rats, in which an approach reaction was observed, learned self-stimulation in the Skinner box with stimulation of the left or right hypothalamus as a reinforcing agent descending thresholds of stimulation up to minimal one. Results. Self-stimulation of the left hypothalamus gave an approach reaction in the majority of rats (81.8%), self-stimulation reaction was developed in 72.7% of rats. Only 46.2% rats reacted on stimulation of the right hypothalamus, self-stimulation reaction was developed in 30.8% of rats. The thresholds of positive and negative reactions registered after electrical stimulation of both sides of hypothalamus were significantly differed (H(3, N = 31) = 14,92; p = 0,002). And these changes were not connected with lateralization but with sign of reaction: in general the thresholds of approach reaction were higher than thresholds of avoidance. Conclusion. In the paper, the fact of different possibility of approach reaction and self-stimulation development as a result of electrical stimulation of the left and right hypothalamus in rats has been described. After stimulation of the left hypothalamus, a possibility to receive positive reaction and to form self-stimulation on its basis is higher than after stimulation of the right hypothalamus. (For citation: Efimov NS, Bessolova YN, Karpova IV, et al. Asymmetry of reinforcing properties of the lateral hypothalamus in the self-stimulation test. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2018;16(2):37-41. doi: 10.17816/RCF16237-41).

scholarly journals Role of orexin peptide system in emotional overeating induced by brain reward stimulation in fed rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Yulia N. Bessolova ◽  
Nikolai S. Efimov ◽  
Eugeny R. Bychkov ◽  
Andrei V. Droblenkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
The Self ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Orexin A ◽  
D2 Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Skinner Box ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Introduction: The purpose of this work was to prove that the reaction of food self-deprivation in “fed up” rats is a suitable model for studying the emotional overeating in the experiment. Methods: The self-deprivation reaction, i.e. self-isolation of an animal from food during electrical self-stimulation of the brain, was studied in animals with food deprivation. To reproduce the self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, the male Wistar rats were trained to press a pedal in a Skinner box. After training, the rats received food deprivation, then a feeder was placed in the Skinner box, and a conditioned food reflex was developed in rats within 5 days. Results and discussion: The food self-deprivation reaction was observed in the ”satiated” rats with a current intensity of 10% and above the threshold for self-stimulation. Hungry animals pressed the pedal for hypothalamic self-stimulation and took no notice of the feeding trough. Sulpiride, a dopamine D2 antagonist (5 and 20 mg/kg i.p.), administered to the “satiated” rats decreased both the eating behavior and self-stimulation in food self-deprivation testing. SB-408124, an orexin A receptor antagonist (0.5 mg/ml, 20 μl intranasally) reduced only the number of pellets eaten, but not the number of pedal presses. Conclusion: The orexin A receptors are preferably involved in emotional eating compared with orexin B (OX2R TCS-OX2-29) and D2 dopamine receptors. Because emotional eating is significantly related to clinical eating disorders, like bulimia and binge eating disorder, it seems promising to use drugs of the orexin system to treat and prevent the issue.

Differential rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and parabrachial complex: Functional characterization and the relevance of opioid systems and dopamine

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475-1490
Author(s):  
Maria J Simon ◽  
Maria A Zafra ◽  
Amadeo Puerto
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Precise Role ◽  
Stimulation Of

Background: Since the discovery of rewarding intracranial self-stimulation by Olds and Milner, extensive data have been published on the biological basis of reward. Although participation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system is well documented, its precise role has not been fully elucidated, and some authors have proposed the involvement of other neural systems in processing specific aspects of reinforced behaviour. Aims and methods: We reviewed published data, including our own findings, on the rewarding effects induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and of the external lateral parabrachial area (LPBe) – a brainstem region involved in processing the rewarding properties of natural and artificial substances – and compared its functional characteristics as observed in operant and non-operant behavioural procedures. Results: Brain circuits involved in the induction of preferences for stimuli associated with electrical stimulation of the LBPe appear to functionally and neurochemically differ from those activated by electrical stimulation of the LH. Interpretation: We discuss the possible involvement of the LPBe in processing emotional-affective aspects of the brain reward system.

scholarly journals VAGAL REGULATION OF INTRACARDIAC SHUNTING IN THE TURTLE PSEUDEMYS SCRIPTA

1994 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hicks ◽  
S. Comeau
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Atria ◽  
Intracardiac Shunting ◽  
Stimulation Of

Two principal hypotheses account for intracardiac shunting in reptiles. The ‘pressure shunting’ hypothesis proposes that there is no fuctional separation between the ventricular cava during systole. The ‘washout shunting’ hypothesis suggests that the cavum pulmonale is functionally separated from the rest of the ventricle during systole. The purpose of this study was to test the two principal hypotheses in a turtle, Pseudemys scripta, after inducing a right-to-left shunt by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. Animals were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30–40 mg kg-1), tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated. Two experimental groups were used. Both groups had the right and left cervical vagi exposed and sectioned and silver bipolar electrodes were attached for electrical stimulation. In addition, cardiac function was evaluated by determining the pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary arterial pressure, peak systolic pressure in the cavum pulmonale, central arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and heart rate. In group I, hydrogen electrodes were inserted into the right aorta, the left aorta and the pulmonary artery. Hydrogen, dissolved in saline, was infused into the left atrium, jugular vein and cavum pulmonale. Blood flow from these sites was deduced from detection of a H2 signal in the right and left aortae and the pulmonary artery. In group II, catheters were inserted in the left and right atria and aortae for the measurement of blood gases. For both groups, the protocol consisted of control periods and periods of electrical stimulation of the efferent and afferent ends of the vagus nerve. During the control periods, infusion of a H2 solution into either the left atrium or the jugular vein resulted in the detection of H2 in the right and left aortae and the pulmonary artery. This suggested that both right-to-left and left-to-right intracardiac shunts were present. H2 infused into the cavum pulmonale was always detected in the pulmonary artery but never in the left or right aortae. During stimulation of the right vagal efferents, a bradycardia developed (heart rate declined by 65 %), pulmonary blood flow was reduced by 73 % and pulmonary vascular resistance increased by 158 %. This was accompanied by a reduction in the PO2 of both the right and left aortae, although the PO2 of the left and right atria remained constant. Under these conditions, H2 infused into the jugular vein and the left atrium was detected in the right and left aortae and the pulmonary artery of all animals studied. Infusion of H2 into the cavum pulmonale was detected in the right and left aortae in only two animals. The results supported the washout mechanism for right-to-left intracardiac shunting.

scholarly journals The inhibitory effects of orexin antagonists on the reinforcing properties of amphetamine during brain self-stimulation and the development of a conditioned place preference in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Petr D. Shabanov ◽  
Sergei V. Azarenko ◽  
Vitalii I. Morozov ◽  
Yulia N. Bessolova ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
The Self ◽  
Conditioned Reaction ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Behavioral Methods ◽  
Self Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Purpose. In experiments on rats, we studied the self-stimulation reaction of the lateral hypothalamus and the conditioned reaction of place preference upon activation (orexin) and blockade of the orexin receptor by SB-408124 or Orexin B18-28 in rats. Methods. As behavioral methods, self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and a conditioned reaction of place preference were chosen. Orexin and its antagonists SB-408124 or Orexin B18-28 (Sigma, USA) were used for pharmacological analysis. All preparations were used in 3 dosages: 0.1, 1.0, 10 g, injecting into the lateral ventricle of the brain (i.v.) through the implanted cannula. Results. It has been shown that peptide substances of orexin and its antagonists modulate the conditional and unconditional reinforcing properties of the brain. The studied orexin antagonists showed a dose-dependent (0.1-1-10 g, i.v.) inhibitory effect on the self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, activated by indirect adrenergic agonist amphetamine (-phenylisopropylamine). The inhibitory effect of orexin antagonists also manifested itself in relation to the generation and expression of a preference for amphetamine place, especially when using high doses of the peptide (10 g i.v.). Conclusion. The effect of orexin antagonists can be used in the development and study of antinarcotic drugs.

Acute electrical stimulation of lateral hypothalamus increases natural killer cell activity in rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Wenner ◽  
Noriyuki Kawamura ◽  
Hitoshi Miyazawa ◽  
Yukihiro Ago ◽  
Toshio Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Natural Killer Cell ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Natural Killer Cell Activity ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Killer Cell Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

Adrenergic Stimulation of the Rat Diencephalon and its Effect on Food Intake and Hoarding Activity

1970 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Blundell ◽  
L. J. Herberg
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Feeding Mechanism ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Nutritional Depletion

The diencephalic area most sensitive to microinjections of noradrenaline lay outside the area of the lateral hypothalamus in which feeding can be produced by electrical stimulation. Injection of either area, including injections that caused increased feeding, failed to have any effect on hoarding activity. Since hoarding can be elicited both by food deprivation and by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, these findings indicate biochemical, anatomical and motivational differences between the central feeding mechanism sensitive to adrenergic stimulation, and that responding to electrical stimulation or nutritional depletion. The former mechanism may be disinhibitory; the latter, excitatory.

Fastigial nucleus-mediated respiratory responses depend on the medullary gigantocellular nucleus

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1713-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Xu ◽  
Tongrong Zhou ◽  
Tonya Gibson ◽  
Donald T. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Ibotenic Acid ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Responses ◽  
Gigantocellular Nucleus ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electrical stimulation of the rostral fastigial nucleus (FNr) alters respiration via activation of local neurons. We hypothesized that this FNr-mediated respiratory response was dependent on the integrity of the nucleus gigantocellularis of the medulla (NGC). Electrical stimulation of the FNr in 15 anesthetized and tracheotomized spontaneously breathing rats significantly altered ventilation by 35.2 ± 11.0% ( P < 0.01) with the major effect being excitatory (78%). This respiratory response did not significantly differ from control after lesions of the NGC via bilateral microinjection of kainic or ibotenic acid (4.5 ± 1.9%; P > 0.05) but persisted in sham controls. Eight other rats, in which horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution was previously microinjected into the left NGC, served as nonstimulation controls or were exposed to either 15-min repeated electrical stimulation of the right FNr or hypercapnia for 90 min. Histochemical and immunocytochemical data showed that the right FNr contained clustered HRP-labeled neurons, most of which were double labeled with c-Fos immunoreactivity in both electrically and CO2-stimulated rats. We conclude that the NGC receives monosynaptic FNr inputs and is required for fully expressing FNr-mediated respiratory responses.

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