Life style as a risk factor of human Papillomavirus  co-infections with Trichomonas vaginalis  in female sex workers

BACKGROUND Asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) co-infection is perceived to have a devastating combined effect on victims. Hence, we investigated TV/ HPV co-infection and determined the risk factors associated with it in female sex workers (FSW). METHODS A cross-sectional study was used to recruit 338 subjects from 6 local government areas (LGAs) in Nigeria for 18 months. Agglutination tests for blood samples, and direct and wet examination of urine and vaginal swabs were conducted in the laboratory. Life style of FSWs was surveyed; data were analyzed with Chi-Square test (X2), paired and unpaired t-test and logistic regression analysis with statistical significance set at p< 0.05. RESULTS Life style characteristics were significantly associated with HPV and TV co-infection (p < 0.001). The model explained 49.9% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in infections among FSWs and effectively classified 93.2% of cases. Those involved in oral sex were 1.795 times more likely to be infected compared to those not involved (OR: 1.795; 95% C.I.: 1.005 – 33.525; p=0.001). Street and residential FSWs all have increased likelihood of being infected. Hard drug usage was also associated with an increased likelihood of being infected with the disease (OR: 3.582; 95% C.I.: 1.573 - 11.756; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Life style (hard drug usage and oral sex practices) was observed in association with HPV/ TV co-infection in FSWs with a preponderance of 49.9%. This study demonstrated the value of screening for genital infections in HPV positive subjects in order to reduce the probable synergistic effects of co-infections.

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Human papillomavirus and coinfections with Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Trichomonas vaginalis in self-collected samples from female sex workers in the Central-Western region of Brazil

Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial ◽

10.5935/1676-2444.20180010 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Larissa Z. A. Lugo ◽

Camila M. B. Jacob ◽

Ana Paula Machado ◽

Flávia G. Almeida ◽

Leandro S. Ávila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽

Western Region ◽

Female Sex

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Evaluation of Association between Vaginal Infections and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types in Female Sex Workers in Spain

ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.5402/2012/240190 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

C. Rodriguez-Cerdeira ◽

E. Sanchez-Blanco ◽

A. Alba

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

High Risk ◽

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Vaginal Microbiota ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Female Sex ◽

Associated Lesions

Background. Infection with and persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) are the strongest risk factors for cervical cancer. In addition, other genital microorganisms may also be involved in the progression of HPV-associated lesions. Objetive. To evaluate the association of the vaginal microbiota (Candida spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis) with HR-HPV infection in Spanish female sex workers (FSWs). Methods. This cross-sectional study involved 208 (FSWs; age, 18–49 years) who visited a sexually transmitted infection (STI) information and prevention center (SERGAS) between January 2010 and December 2011. Face-to-face interviews were carried out. Cervical and vaginal samples were examined for human papillomavirus (HPV), Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp., and microorganisms related to bacterial vaginosis (BV). Results. HR-HPV was found to be significantly associated with BV in FSWs with positive results for HPV16-related types (31, 33, 35, and 52). T. vaginalis was isolated in FSWs with the following HR-HPVs: 18, 45, 66, and 68. Candida spp. were isolated only in FSWs with HPV 18-positive infection. Conclusion. We demonstrate a significant prevalence of HR-HPVs in FSWs with disturbances in the vaginal microbiota.

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Oral sex practices, oral human papillomavirus and correlations between oral and cervical human papillomavirus prevalence among female sex workers in Lima, Peru

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/ijsa.2011.010541 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 655-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

B Brown ◽

M M Blas ◽

A Cabral ◽

C Carcamo ◽

P E Gravitt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Oral Sex ◽

Oral Rinse ◽

Female Sex ◽

Hpv Prevalence ◽

Oral Hpv ◽

Few Data ◽

Sex Practices

Few data exist on oral human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in female sex workers (FSWs). Information regarding oral sex practices of 185 Peruvian FSWs, 18-26 years of age, was obtained via survey and compared with HPV testing results of oral rinse samples. Oral HPV prevalence was 14/185 (7.6%); four (28.9%) HPV genotypes were carcinogenic. One hundred and eighty-two participants reported having had oral sex; 95% reported condom use during oral sex with clients and 9.5% with partners. Women who had oral sex more than three times with their partners in the past month were more likely to have oral HPV than women who had oral sex three times or less (P = 0.06). Ten (71.4%) women with oral HPV were HPV-positive at the cervix; conversely 8.3% of women with cervical HPV were HPV-positive in the oral cavity. The prevalence of oral HPV was relatively low, considering the high rates of oral sex practiced by these women.

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Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Human papillomavirus in female sex workers in Central Veracruz, Mexico

Revista Argentina de Microbiología ◽

10.1016/j.ram.2017.11.004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 351-358

Author(s):

Azucena Muñoz-Ramírez ◽

Aracely López-Monteon ◽

Angel Ramos-Ligonio ◽

Enrique Méndez-Bolaina ◽

Mario R.B. Guapillo-Vargas

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex

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Prevalence, incidence, and distribution of human papillomavirus types in female sex workers in Kenya

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462419884454 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 109-118

Author(s):

Kristen Sweet ◽

Claire Bosire ◽

Busola Sanusi ◽

Carly J Sherrod ◽

Jessie Kwatampora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

High Risk ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Female Sex ◽

Hpv Prevalence ◽

Hiv Negative

Female sex workers (FSWs) have a notably high risk of acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Relatively few studies address the type-specific prevalence and incidence of HPV among FSWs in sub-Saharan Africa. FSWs (n = 348) attending the Korogocho clinic in Nairobi, Kenya participated from August 2009 to March 2011. HPV DNA was detected using the SPF10-LiPA25 PCR assay. Baseline prevalence of HPV infection and cervical dysplasia were calculated, stratified by HIV-serostatus. Incidence rate (IR) of infection was calculated as number of new infections from baseline over person-months among 160 HPV-negative participants with complete 12-month follow-up. Baseline HPV prevalence was 23.6% for any HPV and 20.4% for high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types. Most prevalent types were HPV52 (10.1%), HPV35 (2.3%), and HPV51 (2.3%). A quarter (24%) of participants were HIV-positive. HPV prevalence was higher in HIV-positive (32.1%) than HIV-negative (20.8%) participants. hrHPV prevalence was higher in HIV-positive (27.4%) than HIV-negative (18.2%) women. During follow-up, HPV IR was 31.4 (95% CI: 23.8–41.5) for any HPV and 24.2 (95% CI: 17.9–32.8) for hrHPV types. HPV52 had the highest IR (6.0; 95% CI: 6.5–10.3). Overall HPV and hrHPV prevalence were lower than expected, but both prevalence and incidence were higher in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative women.

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Human papillomavirus infection among male clients of female sex workers soliciting sex in brothels in Peru

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462417721563 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 178-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jenell Stewart ◽

Martha Calderon ◽

Alison Hathaway ◽

Rachel L Winer ◽

Joseph Zunt

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Hpv Dna ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Female Sex ◽

Male Clients ◽

Hpv Prevalence ◽

The Difference

The prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been reported to be three times higher in female sex workers (FSWs) in Callao, Peru than in the general population of women in Peru. Prevalence of HR-HPV among male clients has not yet been reported. A total of 150 men soliciting intercourse in sex work venues submitted questionnaires, samples for sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, and self-collected penile samples prior to and following intercourse for HPV genotyping. We identified variables associated with pre-coital HR-HPV, and compared HR-HPV detection pre- and post-coitus. Prior to intercourse, HR-HPV prevalence was 41.9%. Married clients were less likely than unmarried clients to have HR-HPV detected ( p = 0.03). While post-coital HR-HPV prevalence was higher (47.6%), the difference was not statistically significant. However, there was a significant increase in the mean number of HR-HPV DNA strains detected before (0.75) and after (0.94) intercourse ( p = 0.02). No cases of gonorrhoea or syphilis and six (4.1%) cases of chlamydial infection were detected. Despite low prevalence of other STIs, male clients had a high HR-HPV prevalence. The increase in detection of HR-HPV following intercourse demonstrates a potential for transmission of HR-HPV despite high self-reported condom use.

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