Genetic and Life Style Risk Factors for Recurrent Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Following Liver Transplantation

Recurrent or de novo non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) following liver transplantation (LT) is a frequent event being increasingly recognized over the last decade, but the influence of recurrent NASH on graft and patient outcomes is not yet established. Taking into consideration the long term survival of liver transplanted patients and long term complications with associated morbidity and mortality, it is important to define and minimize risk factors for recurrent NAFLD/NASH. Metabolic syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus are life style risk factors that can be potentially modified by various interventions and thus, decrease the risk of recurrent NAFLD/NASH. On the other hand, genetic factors like recipient and/or donor PNPLA3, TM6SF2, GCKR, MBOAT7 or ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms proved to be risk factors for recurrent NASH. Personalized interventions to influence the different metabolic disorders occurring after LT in order to minimize the risks, as well as genetic screening of donors and recipients should be performed pre-LT in order to achieve diagnosis and treatment as early as possible.

A Gastrointestinal Metagenomic Study On Mudskippers Supports Their Terrestrial Adaptation

-Purpose: The adaptability of blue-spotted mudskipper (Boleophthalmus Periophthalmodon; BP) and giant-fin mudskipper (Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus; PM), has been previously reported at the genome level to explain their amphibious life. However, the roles of GI microbiota in their adaptation to the terrestrial life are worth exploring. -Methods: In this study, we mainly utilized metagenomic data from these two representative mudskippers and typical aquicolous fish species to obtain microbial composition, diversity, abundance and potential functions of GI microbiota for comparisons between amphibious and aquicolous fishes. Meanwhile, we summarized the GI microbiota results of representative seawater fishes, freshwater fishes, amphibians, and terrestrial animals by literature mining for comparing those of the mudskippers. -Result: Interestingly the content for each dominant phylum was strikingly different among BP, PM and aquicolous fishes. We also observed that the profile of GI microbiota in mudskippers owned the typical bacterial families for the terrestrial animals, (freshwater and seawater) fishes, and amphibians at the same time, which is consistent with their life style of water-to-land and freshwater to seawater transition. More interestingly, certain bacteria strains like S24-7, previously thought to be specific in terrestrial animals, were also identified in both BP and PM. -Conclusion: The various composite and diversity of mudskipper GI microflora are therefore considered to conduce to their terrestrial adaptation in these amphibious fishes.

Dietary Modification and Life Style Changes due to COVID-19 Pandemic Homestay among Nursing Students of Pokhara: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION: In December 2019, new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) emerged in Wuhan, China causing pandemic all over the world which results in homestay order. Homestay lead to changes in lifestyle like sedentary life, sleeping habits and eating behavior. So, the objective is to assess dietary and life style modification among nursing students of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted from August 1 to October 15, 2020. The setting of study (Manipal) was selected purposively in which enumerative sampling technique was used constituting total sample size of 216 nursing students. Data was collected through self-administer semi-structure questionnaire via online mode which was further analyzed using descriptive statistics SPSS 20.0 version. RESULTS: There was slight modification in intake of food items like fruits, vegetable, protein, fats, commercialized items, carbonated/sweetened beverages and non-vegetarian diets (chicken and fish). During COVID-19, less than one-fifth (15%) wake up before 7 AM and 78.2% sleep duration is 7-9 hours. About 64.1% pass their leisure time watching TV/ facebook/ messenger/ youtube/ whatsapp/ instagram. Nearly 99.1% engaged in household activities during home stay. More than three-fourth (77.8%) of respondents were doing physical activity. But still 69.9% had weight gain. CONCLUSION: Despite physical and household activities, some unhealthy practices like waking up late, increased sleep duration and use of screen was observed. There was less modification in dietary pattern. So it is recommended to follow healthy diet like Mediterranean diet having several health benefits like weight reduction, prevention from non-communicable diseases and boost immune system in period of pandemic.

Role of Dietary Supplements in Prevention of Renal Stones: An Update

Kidney stone disease is an oldest known and widespread medical condition characterised by its high prevalence in all over the world. Literature suggests that around 9–12% of population in industrialised countries have kidney stone disease in their lives with the 30–50% of reoccurrence rate. Because of high prevalence, recurrent and unpredictable nature of stone formation and its predominance mainly in adults contributes to the substantial impact on society, individual and health care system. In light of these trends, it’s imperative to use optimum preventive strategies to reduce the burden of kidney stone disease on individual and society. The aetiology of kidney stone disease is a multifactorial and it’s related to diet, environmental factors, genetics, metabolic syndromes and various life style factors. Its noteworthy that dietary and life style modification are the major contributors in the prevention of kidney stone reoccurrence. Dietary interventions aim to reduce the urinary abnormalities known to promote lithogenesis. Therefore, modification in the dietary factors is appealing way to patients and physicians in the treatment and prevention of stone recurrence as it is relatively inexpensive and safe. So, the present chapter is focusing on the role of dietary supplements in prevention of renal stones.

Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases

Unhealthy food intake and insufficient physical activities are related with obesity or life-style diseases, which can cause cardiovascular diseases, finally leading to death [...]