scholarly journals Variations, relations and clinical significance of carotid arterial system in anterior neck: a cadaveric study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127
Author(s):  
Anasuya Ghosh ◽  
Subhramoy Chaudhury ◽  
Atin Datta
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Hypoglossal Nerve ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
The Common ◽  
Carotid Arterial

Background: The common carotid, internal and external carotid arteries and their branches serve as major source of blood supply in head-neck region of human and are often encountered during numerous surgical and clinical interventions of neck.Methods: We dissected and examined both sides of neck in 49 well embalmed cadavers (98 sides). We recorded the following anatomical parameters of carotid arterial system-level of bifurcation, the relation between internal and external carotid arteries, branching pattern of anterior branches of external carotid artery, tortuosity in carotid arterial system, and relation of hypoglossal nerve with the carotid arteries.Results: In 56.16 % cases, the common carotid arterial bifurcation took place at the upper border of thyroid cartilage though high bifurcation was quite common (43.88%). The external carotid artery was located antero-medial to internal carotid artery in most cases (93.87%). Abnormal tortuosity of carotid arterial system was detected in 2.04% cases only. In 86.73% cases, the hypoglossal nerve crossed the internal and external carotid artery superior to carotid bifurcation above the level of hyoid bone while in 1 case it crossed immediately inferior to carotid bifurcation. In branching pattern, following variations were observed- linguo-facial trunk in 15.3% cases, thyro-lingual trunk in 5.1% cases, origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid in 10.02% cases and origin of superior thyroid from internal carotid in one case (1.02%).Conclusions: The carotid arterial system has complex and variable anatomy in neck and this information should be kept in mind to avoid unwanted damage during surgical procedures of neck.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics of the external carotid artery

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
P. Gavrilidou ◽  
D.M. Iliescu ◽  
R. Baz ◽  
P. Bordei
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Abstract The morphological characteristics at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery were studied on 46 cases, finding that the most frequent, in 52.17% of cases, the common carotid bifurcation appear as the letter “V”, with two possible variations: a wide “V”, in 43.48% of cases and narrow “V” in 8.7% of cases. In 30.43% of cases, the two carotids showed an ascending traject, united for 1-2 cm up to their crossing; in 13,04% of the cases the two arteries were superimposed, the external located anteriorly. In only in two cases on the right side (4.35% of cases and 8.33% of right samples) we found a peculiar aspect of a “U” shaped bifurcation. Regarding the caliber of the external carotid artery, we found that in 43.33% of the cases the external carotid artery had a similar diameter to the internal carotid, also in 43.33% of the external carotid artery have a higher caliber than internal one and the remaining 13.33% of the cases, the external carotid artery had a smaller diameter than the internal one, with all cases on the left (16.67% of left carotid arteries). The caliber of the right external carotid artery was between 4 to 5.6 mm and the one of the left was between 3.6 to 5 mm. When the external carotid was more voluminous than the internal, the differences were 0.5 to 1.2 mm and when the internal carotid was more voluminous than the external, the differences were smaller, 0.2 to 0.8 mm. In relation to the common carotid, the external carotid had a smaller caliber from 0.6 to 1.1 mm. Regarding the external carotid traject, most commonly, from the bifurcation of the common carotid, the external carotid artery showed a vertical trajectory, in 50% of cases; in 40% of cases, the traject was oblique superomedially and in 6.67% of cases the external carotid artery described a curve with the convexity facing laterally, with all cases on the right (11.76% of right carotid arteries); in 3.33% of cases, both on the left (7.69% of the left carotid arteries), the external carotid artery traject described an inverted italic “S”

scholarly journals Unusual position of external carotid artery: a case report

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (02) ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
S B Rao ◽  
V R Vollala ◽  
M Rao ◽  
V P Samuel ◽  
D Deepthinath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Unusual Position ◽  
The Common ◽  
Internal Carotid Arteries

AbstractThe arterial pattern of the human body is one of the systems that show a large number of variations. Many reports are available regarding variations of common carotid, external and internal carotid arteries and branches of external carotid artery. We describe a very rare case of lateral position of external carotid artery. The external carotid artery was lateral to the internal carotid artery at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. The clinical importance of this variation is discussed.

scholarly journals The carotid axis revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cobiella ◽  
S. Quinones ◽  
M. Konschake ◽  
P. Aragones ◽  
X. León ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Average Height ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe aim was to determine the variations in the level of origin of carotid bifurcation and diameters of the common, internal, and external carotid arteries which is clinically important for several interventional procedures. Therefore, 165 human embalmed corpses were dissected. The data collected were analyzed using the Chi square-test and the Pearson correlation test. The results of previous studies have been reviewed. In relation to the level of the carotid bifurcation, taking as a reference point the hyoid bone, the values ranged from 4 cm below the hyoid body to 2.5 cm above the body of the hyoid, being the average height—0.33 cm, with a standard deviation of 1.19 cm. The right carotid bifurcation was established at a higher level (x = − 0.19 cm.) than the left one (x = − 0.48 cm.) (p = 0.046). On the contrary, no significant gender differences could be observed. The arterial calibres of the common and internal carotid arteries were higher in male than female. In the internal carotid artery (X = 0.76 cm.), the left was greater than the right (X = 0.72 cm.) (P = 0.047). However, no differences in the distribution of the calibre of the external carotid artery were found neither by side nor gender. Variations in the level of bifurcation and calibres of carotid arteries are relevant for interventional radiology procedures and head and neck surgeries. Knowledge of these anatomical references might help clinicians in the interpretation of the carotid system.

scholarly journals Variations in the Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery in South Kerala Population – A Cadaveric Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (22) ◽  
pp. 1780-1785
Author(s):  
Manju Sudhakaran ◽  
Mini Alikunju ◽  
Vandana Latha Raveendran ◽  
Umesan Kannanvilakom Govindapillai
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Superior Thyroid Artery ◽  
South Indian Population ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
South Indian

BACKGROUND External carotid arteries account for a major share of arterial supply of head and neck regions. As variations are frequently observed in the branching pattern of external carotid artery, surgeons, radiologists and anaesthetists often encounter difficulties in various procedures of head and neck. The purpose of this study is to describe the variations in the branching pattern of external carotid artery as observed in South Indian population which definitely reduces its iatrogenic injuries associated with surgical and radiological procedures of head and neck. METHODS This is cross-sectional descriptive study. Bilateral neck dissection was done on twenty-two formalin fixed cadavers to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery during a period of two years in the Department of Anatomy in Government Medical College, Alappuzha. Common carotid, external carotid and internal carotid arteries were dissected. All the branches of external carotid artery were traced and the variations were noted. The distance between carotid bifurcation and point of origin of individual branches of external carotid were measured and statistically analyzed. RESULTS In the present study along with normal branching pattern of external carotid artery, variations like origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery and also from carotid bifurcation were seen. A common linguofacial trunk and direct origin of superior laryngeal artery from external carotid artery were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Prior knowledge of the variations will be helpful to surgeons and anaesthetists while dealing with these vessels during procedures of head and neck regions. KEYWORDS External Carotid Artery, Carotid Bifurcation, Superior Thyroid Artery, Linguofacial Trunk

scholarly journals Anomalous External Carotid Artery-Internal Carotid Artery Anastomosis in Two Patients with Proximal Internal Carotid Arterial Remnants

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Hun Kim ◽  
Young Dae Cho ◽  
Hyun-Seung Kang ◽  
Jeong Eun Kim ◽  
Seung Chai Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Carotid Arterial

Separate Origin of the Left Internal and External Carotid Artery from the Aortic Arch Associated with Contralateral Intracranial Giant Aneurysm

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Warschewske ◽  
G. Benndorf
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Similar Case ◽  
Giant Aneurysm ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Internal Carotid Arteries

One of the rare anomalies of the common carotid artery is the separate origin of the internal and external carotid artery. We present the case of a patient who was admitted to hospital for cerebral angiography to exclude an intracranial aneurysm. The DSA revealed a giant aneurysm of the right internal carotid artery and separate origins of external and internal carotid arteries from the aortic arch. To our best knowledge no similar case has previously been reported.

scholarly journals Multiple Strokes Associated With Elongation of the Hyoid Bone

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Ludt ◽  
Michelle Leppert ◽  
Asher Jones ◽  
John Song ◽  
David Kuwayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Bone Resection ◽  
Bone Elongation

Hyoid bone elongation is an uncommon cause of stroke. Here, we report a case of hyoid bone elongation causing localized trauma to the internal carotid artery, resulting in multiple strokes. A 32-year-old woman presented with unilateral weakness and history of a recent stroke. Imaging revealed the greater horn of the hyoid bone extending between the external and internal carotid with associated thrombus at the carotid bifurcation and acute stroke. Carotid ultrasound demonstrated movement of the hyoid bone in and out of the space between the external carotid artery and internal carotid artery with neck rotation. Treatment involved anticoagulation and partial hyoid bone resection. After resection, the stroke symptoms had not recurred in the patient. Hyoid bone–related carotid injury is an infrequent etiology of stroke, with no established treatment guidelines. Partial hyoid bone resection and antithrombotic therapy are likely a reasonably safe and effective treatment.

External Carotid Occlusion as a Cause of Recurrent Ischemia after Carotid Endarterectomy

Neurosurgery ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. Countee ◽  
Thurairasah Vijayanathan ◽  
Shu Z. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Internal Carotid Artery ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Complete Relief ◽  
Avoidable Complication ◽  
Common Carotid Arteries

Abstract Our experiences with a patient who developed recurrent hemispheric transient ischemic attacks 3 1/2 years after ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy are described. Although repeat arteriography demonstrated smooth and unobstructed common and internal carotid arteries and a normal intracranial circulation, there was complete occlusion of the external carotid artery at its origin, which appeared as a stump or diverticulum at the origin of the internal carotid artery. This stump was filled with atherothrombotic debris and served as a source of emboli to the adjacent and patent internal carotid artery. Excision of the stump effected complete relief of the recurrent ischemic symptoms. The pernicious potential of an external carotid obstruction when adjacent to a patent internal carotid artery should be recognized. To prevent this avoidable complication of carotid endarterectomy, we recommend that the origin of the external carotid artery be treated with the same standards of technical perfection as those customarily applied to the internal and common carotid arteries during this procedure.

scholarly journals Surgical Anatomy of the Cervical Part of the Hypoglossal Nerve

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 021-027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Ngure Kariuki ◽  
Fawzia Butt ◽  
Pamela Mandela ◽  
Paul Odula
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Hypoglossal Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
External Carotid Artery ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Mastoid Process ◽  
External Carotid ◽  
Study Population

Iatrogenic injuries to cranial nerves, half of which affect the hypoglossal nerve, occur in up to 20% of surgical procedures involving the neck. The risk of injury could be minimized by in-depth knowledge of its positional and relational anatomy. Forty-one hypoglossal nerves were dissected from cadaveric specimens and positions described in relation to the internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), carotid bifurcation, mandible, hyoid bone, mastoid process, and the digastric tendon. The distance of the nerve from where it crossed the ICA and ECA to the carotid bifurcation was 29.93 (± 5.99) mm and 15.19 (± 6.68) mm, respectively. The point where it crossed the ICA was 12.24 (± 3.71) mm superior to the greater horn of hyoid, 17.16 (± 4.40) mm inferior to the angle of the mandible, and 39.08 (± 5.69) mm from tip of the mastoid. The hypoglossal nerve loop was inferior to the digastric tendon in 73% of the cases. The hypoglossal nerves formed high loops in this study population. Caution should be exercised during surgical procedures in the neck. The study also revealed that the mastoid process is a reliable fixed landmark to locate the hypoglossal nerve.

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