scholarly journals Empiric treatment of diarrhea in patient with HIV infection: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Susanto ◽  
I. Made Bayu S. Dana ◽  
Ketut Suryana

Diarrhea is common opportunistic infection in patient with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Diarrhea in patient with HIV infection that contributes the negatively to quality of life. The etiology of diarrhea in patient with HIV infection is multifactorial include infectious, non-infectious, ART-association diarrhea. In addition, this diarrhea can be associated with empiric therapy. This article a 31 years old male patient with 3 days fatigue and diarrhea. Physical examination dry mucous membranes, abdominal pain especially in in the upper abdomen and increase small bowel peristalsis. Stool examination test doesn’t have blood, parasites, and fungi. Stool cultures for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter organisms no presence. The treatment metronidazole oral 500 mg every 8 hours was again performed. Metronidazole is available for the management of diarrhea in patient with HIV that can’t be treated with other antibiotics.

Biomedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-376
Author(s):  
Ramadurai Jayapriya ◽  
T.N. Uma Maheswari ◽  
V Mukundh Chaithanya

Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus infection. History, clinical examination, investigation and diagnosis of oral candidiasis is important for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection. Pseudomembranous candidiasis and erythematous candidiasis are associated with immune compromised state and so it is of prognostic significance like reduction in the viral load and CD4 positive T lymphocytes. In this case report, we present a case of a 34-year-old physically challenged asymptomatic male who came for replacement of mandibular anterior tooth who was diagnosed with all four common variants of oral candidiasis which predicted HIV infection. Quality of life of the patient was improved after the diagnosis and treatment.  


1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 510-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary D. Nettleman

Medical care has come a long way in the last century. People live longer; deadly diseases are prevented, cured, or ameliorated. In short, medical care is more effective than at any previous time. In this sense, effectiveness is a straightforward concept that measures changes in life expectancy, quality of life, and occurrence of disease. Effectiveness is sometimes difficult to quantitate; yet it is an important part of clinical decision making. For example, is the use of universal precautions effective in preventing the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus? Is antibiotic prophylaxis effective in preventing postoperative wound infections? Is chest percussion effective in the therapy of' pneumonia? Is a brain biopsy more effective than empiric therapy in treating encephalitis?


1997 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Holmes ◽  
Barbara Bix ◽  
Mary Meritz ◽  
John Turner ◽  
Carol Hutelmyer

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Maffezzoni ◽  
Teresa Porcelli ◽  
Ioannis Karamouzis ◽  
Eugenia Quiros-Roldan ◽  
Francesco Castelli ◽  
...  

The advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients transforming the HIV infection from a fatal illness into a manageable chronic disease. As the number of older HIV-infected individuals increases, several ageing-related co-morbidities including osteopenia/osteoporosis and fractures have emerged. Patients exposed to HIV infection and its treatment may develop fragility fractures with potential significant impact on quality of life and survival. However, the awareness of HIV-related skeletal fragility is still relatively low and most HIV-infected patients are not investigated for osteoporosis and treated with anti-osteoporotic drugs in daily clinical practice. This article reviews the literature data on osteoporosis and osteopenia in HIV infection, focusing on the pathophysiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of fragility fractures.


1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 510-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary D. Nettleman

Medical care has come a long way in the last century. People live longer; deadly diseases are prevented, cured, or ameliorated. In short, medical care is more effective than at any previous time. In this sense, effectiveness is a straightforward concept that measures changes in life expectancy, quality of life, and occurrence of disease. Effectiveness is sometimes difficult to quantitate; yet it is an important part of clinical decision making. For example, is the use of universal precautions effective in preventing the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus? Is antibiotic prophylaxis effective in preventing postoperative wound infections? Is chest percussion effective in the therapy of' pneumonia? Is a brain biopsy more effective than empiric therapy in treating encephalitis?


ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1190-1193
Author(s):  
Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi

Cardiovascular disease is common in persons living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-associated cardiovascular disease may involve every segment of the cardiovascular tree. Recent reports suggest that the incidence of HIV-associated heart failure is on the increase. The phenotype of HIV-associated heart failure is evolving, with predominance of diastolic dysfunction, rather than systolic dysfunction and myocarditis. Widespread availability and utility of antiretroviral therapy has significantly altered the natural history of HIV infection, and improved survival and quality of life of persons with HIV infection. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis are reviewed in this chapter.


Author(s):  
Е.Н. Ефанова ◽  
Ю.Э. Русак ◽  
Е.А. Васильева

Вирус иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ) имеет глобальные масштабы распространения и представляет собой одну из самых серьезных социальных и медицинских проблем. Эпидемическая ситуация с ВИЧ-инфекцией в мире и Российской Федерации остается напряженной. У ВИЧ-положительных больных нередко отмечаются особенности поражения кожных покровов и слизистых оболочек. Кожные процессы у ВИЧ-позитивных пациентов протекают, как правило, атипично, имеют торпидное течение, могут возникать в несвойственных для них возрастных группах и нередко резистентны к стандартному лечению. Поражения кожных покровов и слизистых оболочек у ВИЧ-инфицированных можно условно разделить на несколько групп: аллергические реакции, инфекционные, паранеопластические процессы и дерматозы с неизвестным патогенезом. В современной литературе недостаточно освещен вопрос о группе «дерматозов с неясным патогенезом» на фоне ВИЧ-инфекции, в частности о пруриго. В описанном клиническом случае представлена ВИЧ-позитивная пациентка с редким проявлением узловатого пруриго. Освещены история вопроса, этиология, клинические проявления, методы лечения. Представленный случай иллюстрирует манифестацию пруриго на фоне системных причин (ВИЧ-инфекции) и начала высокоактивной антиретровирусной терапии без предшествующего атопического анамнеза. Вразрез с данными литературы, количество CD4+ у пациентки с почесухой составляло более 200 клеток/мкл, хотя, как известно, почесуха относится к дерматозам с низким числом клеток CD4+. Остается неясной роль иммунодефицитного состояния в патогенезе пруриго. Возможно, в данном случае развитие дерматоза спровоцировано прямым вирусным эффектом или токсическим влиянием антиретровирусных препаратов. Интересным является факт быстрого положительного ответа кожного процесса на традиционную терапию. Ключевые слова: узловатая почесуха, пруриго, ВИЧ-инфекция, иммунодефицит, клиническая картина, особенности течения, клиническое наблюдение. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a globally spreading virus that represents one of the most serious social and health problems. The epidemic situation of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection in the world and, in particular, in the Russian Federation remains tense. In HIV-positive patients, specific lesions of the skin and mucous membranes are often noted. Skin processes in HIV-positive patients are usually atypical, have a torpid course, may occur in unusual age groups and are extremely difficult to respond to standard treatment. Lesions of the skin and mucous membranes in HIV-infected can be divided into several groups: allergic reactions, infectious, paraneoplastic processes and dermatoses with unknown pathogenesis. In the modern literature, the issue of the group of «dermatoses with an unclear pathogenesis» against the background of HIV infection, in particular about prurigo, is insufficiently illuminated. In the described clinical case, an HIV-positive patient with a rare manifestation of nodular prurigo is presented. The history of the issue, etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment methods are covered. The presented case illustrates the manifestation of prurigo against the background of systemic causes (HIV infection) and initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy without a previous atopic history. Contrary to the literature data, the CD4+ count in a patient with prurigo was more than 200 cells/μL, although pruritus is known to be a dermatoses with a low CD4+ cell count. The role of the immunodeficiency state in the pathogenesis of prurigo remains unclear. Perhaps, in this case, the development of dermatosis is provoked by a direct viral effect or the toxic effect of antiretroviral drugs. An interesting fact is the rapid positive response of the skin process to traditional therapy.


2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Maffezzoni ◽  
Teresa Porcelli ◽  
Ioannis Karamouzis ◽  
Eugenia Quiros-Roldan ◽  
Francesco Castelli ◽  
...  

The advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients transforming the HIV infection from a fatal illness into a manageable chronic disease. As the number of older HIV-infected individuals increases, several aging-related co-morbidities including osteopenia/osteoporosis and fractures have emerged. Patients exposed to HIV infection and its treatment may develop fragility fractures with potential significant impact on quality of life and survival. However, the awareness of HIV-related skeletal fragility is still relatively low and most HIV-infected patients are not investigated for osteoporosis and treated with anti-osteoporotic drugs in daily clinical practice. This article reviews the literature data on osteoporosis and osteopenia in HIV infection, focusing on the pathophysiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of fragility fractures.


1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly Ryan ◽  
Edward Connor ◽  
Anthony Minnefor ◽  
Frank Desposito ◽  
James Oleske

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